Copyright Evidence

From Copyright EVIDENCE
Revision as of 12:33, 4 December 2015 by Theodore (talk | contribs)
Rcuklogo.jpg
Welcome to Copyright Evidence
909 studies are currently recorded
Semantic drilldown: Dynamically filter the recorded studies according to a range of semantic criteria
Random article:
Buccafusco and Garcia (2021) Buccafusco, C. and Garcia, K. (2021) Pay-to-Playlist: The Commerce of Music Streaming. 12 UC Irvine L. Rev (forthcoming 2021)
Methodology (Collection)
Methodology (Analysis)
Industry Sectors

Welcome to the Copyright Evidence Wiki developed and maintained by CREATe at the University of Glasgow.

Propose-study.png Define-study.png View-studies.png


CopyrightEvidence.org intends to establish a body of evidence that allows better navigation in a contested policy field. Competing claims can be assessed and challenged transparently if the underlying data and methods are revealed. Robustness and limitations of findings are meticulously collected and are available here for all to see.

This project is offering a form of a dynamic literature review in a rapidly changing technological, business and socio-legal landscape, as the evidence related to copyright is consistently and transparently updated to account for the most recent findings. Only very recently, new research methods in combination with the development of big data, which are richer both in size and in depth, have allowed researchers to test empirically key theoretical propositions and forced them to build theories which are consistent with observation. This generated the need to evaluate political decisions and design policy interventions based on evidence.

This open online platform builds on an innovative research philosophy and examines copyright from an interdisciplinary perspective, while it also facilitates bringing evidence to the debate from studies in fields that were previously overlooked. Relevant empirical work spreads across conventional methodological and disciplinary boundaries and it does not need to have "copyright" in the title.

A crucial dimension of the existing evidence examines different stages of production (e.g. creation, innovation, diffusion, distribution), in various creative industries (e.g. music, film and motion pictures, TV programmes, computer software, books), and estimates the effects of copyright on diverse agents in each sector, such as creators, investors, distributors, users or society as a whole. Heterogeneity seems to be a key common element across several studies. The fact that the impact of copyright law differs across various agents, industries and different demographic groups, implies the need for more specific policies (for instance, even though the Ofcom (2011) survey provides evidence for heterogeneous effects, this remains an understudied aspect in most of the existing studies).

The transition to a global digital economy is associated with new challenges for enforcement authorities, for copyright law and for new business models. Imaginative use of the increasing volume of data is crucial for the design of more rational policies at the national and international level. Importantly, the effects of copyright protection or infringement on welfare, creativity and innovation demand the theories that developed over the past decades to be consistent with rigorous empirical analysis.


Fundamental issues about the copyright incentive

Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (452)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Adermon and Liang (2011)Adermon, Adrian, Che-Yuan Liang. 2014. Piracy and Music Sales: The Effects of an Anti-Piracy Law. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 105, 90-106.20 May 2015 17:13:42
Aguiar and Martens (2013)Aguiar, L., & Martens, B. (2013). Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Working Paper No. JRC79605. Available at SSRN 226529919 May 2015 12:31:33
Aguiar and Waldfogel (2014)Aguiar, Luis, and Joel Waldfogel. Digitization, Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade. Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade (December 3, 2014) (2014).11 April 2016 04:26:35
Aguilar (2017)Aguilar, A. (2017) Distributed Ownership in Music: Between Authorship and Performance. Social & Legal Studies, 27(6), pp776-79812 June 2019 15:02:36
Aguilar (2019)Aguilar, A. (2019) We want Artists to be Fully and Fairly Paid for their Work’: Discourses on Fairness in the Neoliberal European Copyright Reform. JIPITEC 9 (2)6 June 2019 14:45:17
... further results

Relationship between creative process and protection - What motivates creators (e.g. attribution, control, remuneration, time allocation)? What is the link between legal rules and the kind goods produced (e.g. adaptation, sampling, co-authorship, user creation)? (168)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguilar (2019a)Aguilar, A. (2019) The collective management of performers’ rights in the UK: a story of competing interests. Scripted 16(1) DOI: 10.2966/scrip.160119.45 November 2019 12:50:21
Ahn and Yooney (2008)Ahn, Illtae, and Kiho Yoon. On the impact of digital music distribution. CESifo Economic Studies 55.2 (2009): 306-325.8 April 2016 16:40:59
Akerlof, Hahn and Litan (2002)Akerlof, G. A., Arrow, K. J., Bresnahan, T., Buchanan, J. M., Coase, R., Cohen, L. R. & Hemphill, C. S. (2002). The copyright term extension act of 1998: An economic analysis. Washington DC: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.28 January 2017 20:33:28
Arai and Kinukawa (2014)Arai, Y. and Kinukawa, S., 2014. Copyright infringement as user innovation. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(2), pp.131-144.10 July 2016 13:14:57
Aufderheide and Jaszi (2004)Aufderheide, P., & Jaszi, P. (2004). Untold stories: Creative consequences of the rights clearance culture for documentary filmmakers.18 August 2015 17:26:36
... further results

Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (contracts between creators and investors, collective bargaining and licensing) (71)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguilar (2017)Aguilar, A. (2017) Distributed Ownership in Music: Between Authorship and Performance. Social & Legal Studies, 27(6), pp776-79812 June 2019 15:02:36
Arai and Kinukawa (2014)Arai, Y. and Kinukawa, S., 2014. Copyright infringement as user innovation. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(2), pp.131-144.10 July 2016 13:14:57
Astle and Muir (2002)Astle, P.J. and Muir, A., 2002. Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), pp.67-79.15 June 2016 13:46:06
Bently (2002)Bently, L. (2002). Between a rock and a hard place: The problems facing freelance creators in the UK media market–place. London: Institute of Employment Rights. ii. Canada.18 August 2015 17:30:41
Bently et al. (2017)Bently, L., Kretschmer, M., Dudenbostel, T., Moreno, M. and Radauer, A. (2017) Strengthening the Position of Press Publishers and Authors and Performers in the Copyright Directive. Project Report. European Parliament, Brussels.29 May 2020 11:44:34
... further results

Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies, competition, economics of superstars, business models, technology adoption) (264)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguiar and Waldfogel (2014)Aguiar, Luis, and Joel Waldfogel. Digitization, Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade. Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade (December 3, 2014) (2014).11 April 2016 04:26:35
Akester (2009)Akester, P. (2009). Technological accommodation of conflicts between freedom of expression and DRM: the first empirical assessment. Available at SSRN 1469412.13 July 2015 12:46:24
Albinsson (2013)Albinsson, S. (2013) Swings and roundabouts: Swedish music copyrights 1980 - 2009. Journal of Cultural Economics 37, 175 - 18415 August 2021 15:00:42
Andersen and Frenz (2008)Andersen, B., & Frenz, M. (2008). The impact of music downloads and P2P file-sharing on the purchase of music in Canada.8 August 2015 20:27:26
Andrés (2006a)Andrés, A. R. (2006). The relationship between copyright software protection and piracy: Evidence from Europe. European Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1), 29-51.21 October 2016 17:06:15
... further results

Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour, user-generated content, social media) (489)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Acilar (2010)Acılar, A. (2010). Demographic Factors Affecting Freshman Students' Attitudes towards Software Piracy: An Empirical Study. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 7, 321-328.21 May 2015 06:46:49
Acilar and Aydemir (2010)Acilar, A., & Aydemir, M. (2010). Students' Attitudes Towards Software Piracy-The Gender Factor: A Case of a Public University in an Emerging Country. In The Eleventh ETHICOMP International Conference on the Social and Ethical Impacts of Information and Communication Technology.21 May 2015 08:57:13
Adermon and Liang (2011)Adermon, Adrian, Che-Yuan Liang. 2014. Piracy and Music Sales: The Effects of an Anti-Piracy Law. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 105, 90-106.20 May 2015 17:13:42
Adu and van der Walt (2021)Adu, T.L. and van der Walt, T.B. (2021) Effects of awareness of user rights on compliance with copyright laws and policies in academic libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(4)1 March 2023 09:22:29
Adum et al. (2019)Adum, A.N., Ekwenchi, O., Odogwu, E., and Umeh, K. (2019) Awareness of Copyright Laws among Select Nigerian University Students. 86 Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 18311 August 2019 20:47:04
... further results

Evidence-based copyright policy

Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (215)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguilar (2017)Aguilar, A. (2017) Distributed Ownership in Music: Between Authorship and Performance. Social & Legal Studies, 27(6), pp776-79812 June 2019 15:02:36
Akerlof, Hahn and Litan (2002)Akerlof, G. A., Arrow, K. J., Bresnahan, T., Buchanan, J. M., Coase, R., Cohen, L. R. & Hemphill, C. S. (2002). The copyright term extension act of 1998: An economic analysis. Washington DC: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.28 January 2017 20:33:28
Antelman (2004)Antelman, K. (2004) Do Open Access Articles Have a Greater Research Impact? College & Research Libraries News, vol. 65, n. 5, pp. 372-382.17 August 2018 11:33:07
Arai and Kinukawa (2014)Arai, Y. and Kinukawa, S., 2014. Copyright infringement as user innovation. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(2), pp.131-144.10 July 2016 13:14:57
Arendt, Peacemaker and Miller (2018)Arendt, J., Peacemaker, B. And Miller, H. (2018) Same Question, Different World: Replicating an Open Access Research Impact Study. College and Research Libraries (Preprint)17 August 2018 10:44:46
... further results

Exceptions (innovation/public policy aims; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial purposes) (153)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Adu and van der Walt (2021)Adu, T.L. and van der Walt, T.B. (2021) Effects of awareness of user rights on compliance with copyright laws and policies in academic libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(4)1 March 2023 09:22:29
Akerlof, Hahn and Litan (2002)Akerlof, G. A., Arrow, K. J., Bresnahan, T., Buchanan, J. M., Coase, R., Cohen, L. R. & Hemphill, C. S. (2002). The copyright term extension act of 1998: An economic analysis. Washington DC: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.28 January 2017 20:33:28
Akester (2009)Akester, P. (2009). Technological accommodation of conflicts between freedom of expression and DRM: the first empirical assessment. Available at SSRN 1469412.13 July 2015 12:46:24
Angelopoulos (2012)Angelopoulos, C. (2012). The myth of European term harmonisation: 27 public domains for the 27 member states. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (2012) Vol, 43, 567-594.28 June 2016 09:21:45
Arai and Kinukawa (2014)Arai, Y. and Kinukawa, S., 2014. Copyright infringement as user innovation. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(2), pp.131-144.10 July 2016 13:14:57
... further results

Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use, extended collective licensing) (78)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Akmon (2010)Akmon, D. (2010). Only with your permission: how rights holders respond (or don’t respond) to requests to display archival materials online. Archival Science, 10(1), 45-64.22 June 2016 13:56:10
Allen (2012)Allen, N. (2012) Art Museum Images in Scholarly Publishing. Texas: Connexions.6 January 2022 16:30:09
Angelopoulos (2012)Angelopoulos, C. (2012). The myth of European term harmonisation: 27 public domains for the 27 member states. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (2012) Vol, 43, 567-594.28 June 2016 09:21:45
Astle and Muir (2002)Astle, P.J. and Muir, A., 2002. Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), pp.67-79.15 June 2016 13:46:06
Athey, Mobius and Pal (2017)Athey, S., Mobius, M. M., & Pál, J. (2017). The Impact of Aggregators on Internet News Consumption.16 February 2017 14:02:35
... further results

Licensing and Business models (collecting societies, meta data, exchanges/hubs, windowing, crossborder availability) (288)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguiar and Martens (2013)Aguiar, L., & Martens, B. (2013). Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Working Paper No. JRC79605. Available at SSRN 226529919 May 2015 12:31:33
Aguiar and Waldfogel (2014)Aguiar, Luis, and Joel Waldfogel. Digitization, Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade. Copyright, and the Welfare Effects of Music Trade (December 3, 2014) (2014).11 April 2016 04:26:35
Aguilar (2017)Aguilar, A. (2017) Distributed Ownership in Music: Between Authorship and Performance. Social & Legal Studies, 27(6), pp776-79812 June 2019 15:02:36
Akmon (2010)Akmon, D. (2010). Only with your permission: how rights holders respond (or don’t respond) to requests to display archival materials online. Archival Science, 10(1), 45-64.22 June 2016 13:56:10
Allen (2012)Allen, N. (2012) Art Museum Images in Scholarly Publishing. Texas: Connexions.6 January 2022 16:30:09
... further results

Fair remuneration (levies, copyright contracts) (136)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Aguiar and Martens (2013)Aguiar, L., & Martens, B. (2013). Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Working Paper No. JRC79605. Available at SSRN 226529919 May 2015 12:31:33
Aguilar (2019)Aguilar, A. (2019) We want Artists to be Fully and Fairly Paid for their Work’: Discourses on Fairness in the Neoliberal European Copyright Reform. JIPITEC 9 (2)6 June 2019 14:45:17
Aguilar (2019a)Aguilar, A. (2019) The collective management of performers’ rights in the UK: a story of competing interests. Scripted 16(1) DOI: 10.2966/scrip.160119.45 November 2019 12:50:21
Akerlof, Hahn and Litan (2002)Akerlof, G. A., Arrow, K. J., Bresnahan, T., Buchanan, J. M., Coase, R., Cohen, L. R. & Hemphill, C. S. (2002). The copyright term extension act of 1998: An economic analysis. Washington DC: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.28 January 2017 20:33:28
Albinsson (2013)Albinsson, S. (2013) Swings and roundabouts: Swedish music copyrights 1980 - 2009. Journal of Cultural Economics 37, 175 - 18415 August 2021 15:00:42
... further results

Enforcement (quantifying infringement, criminal sanctions, intermediary liability, graduated response, litigation and court data, commercial/non-commercial distinction, education and awareness) (463)

 CitationCreated"Creation date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the first revision of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Acilar (2010)Acılar, A. (2010). Demographic Factors Affecting Freshman Students' Attitudes towards Software Piracy: An Empirical Study. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 7, 321-328.21 May 2015 06:46:49
Acilar and Aydemir (2010)Acilar, A., & Aydemir, M. (2010). Students' Attitudes Towards Software Piracy-The Gender Factor: A Case of a Public University in an Emerging Country. In The Eleventh ETHICOMP International Conference on the Social and Ethical Impacts of Information and Communication Technology.21 May 2015 08:57:13
Adermon and Liang (2011)Adermon, Adrian, Che-Yuan Liang. 2014. Piracy and Music Sales: The Effects of an Anti-Piracy Law. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 105, 90-106.20 May 2015 17:13:42
Adum et al. (2019)Adum, A.N., Ekwenchi, O., Odogwu, E., and Umeh, K. (2019) Awareness of Copyright Laws among Select Nigerian University Students. 86 Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 18311 August 2019 20:47:04
Aguiar and Martens (2013)Aguiar, L., & Martens, B. (2013). Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Working Paper No. JRC79605. Available at SSRN 226529919 May 2015 12:31:33
... further results

Editorial Information

Editors

  • Theo Koutmeridis (economics) [lead editor]
  • Kris Erickson (media & communications)
  • Martin Kretschmer [chair of editorial board]

Methodology

Guidelines for the cataloguing of copyright evidence where developed following a CREATe workshop on 20 October 2014, attended by Sayantan Ghosal (Dpt of Economics, University of Glasgow), Georg v Graevenitz (Queen Mary University of London & CREATe Fellow in Innovation Economics), Morten Hviid (Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia) and Ruth Towse (Bournemouth University & CREATe Fellow in Cultural Economics). Further consultations have taken place with Chris Buccafusco (New York University), Smita Kheria (University of Edinburgh), Joost Poort (Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam & CREATe Fellow in Economics of copyright and media industries) and Steven Watson (Lancaster University).


The initial selection of 500 studies was drawn from four sources:

  1. A scoping review of the "piracy" literature commissioned by CREATe from Watson, Fleming and Zizzo, published in 2014. This used a review technique from the medical sciences to identify more than 50,000 academic sources that were potentially relevant for assessing unlawful file sharing, covering music, film, television, video games, software and books. During the review process, the sources were narrowed down to 206 articles which examined human behaviour.
  2. Working papers and pre-prints published in the SSRN e-journal Intellectual Property: Empirical Studies (edited by Christopher J. Buccafusco and David L. Schwartz). 710 papers published between November 1996 and July 2015 were narrowed down to 132 studies relevant to copyright law. These were further reviewed by the core editorial team of the Wiki (Koutmeridis, Erickson, Kretschmer) if they contained “sufficient empirical material” that warranted coding. “Sufficient empirical material” could be quantitative or qualitative. Our working definition excluded anecdotal or journalistic treatment, though single case studies were acceptable if the methodology was articulated and justified. A total of 103 studies were selected and catalogued from this SSRN source.
  3. Expert literature reviews conducted by Handke (2011), Kretschmer (2012) and Kheria (2013). They were used to fill some of the gaps left by the “piracy” review, in particular relating to creator perspectives. A total of 81 studies will be catalogued under this method.
  4. 50 governmental reports on intellectual property/copyright policy, proposed by CREATe doctoral candidates Kenny Barr and Megan Blakely, and reviewed by the core editorial team of the Wiki (Koutmeridis, Erickson, Kretschmer).


The initial selection of studies was pragmatic. The aim was to set a standard of review, and allocate limited resources for coding. The Wiki format is designed to enable user participation, and any gaps in the evidence should be filled by interested parties who may submit studies as candidates for coding, and/or volunteer to code these according to the template developed by the team.

An editorial review process will be devised that will be open, yet robust enough to prevent capturing of the Wiki platform by any specific interests. For this purpose, an editorial board will be constituted, following the public launch of the Wiki, on 2 September 2015, as part of the 10th Annual Conference of the European Policy for Intellectual Property Association (EPIP 2015).

How to cite The Copyright Evidence Wiki

If you use material from CopyrightEvidence.org, please cite the resource appropriately:

Koutmeridis, T., Erickson, K., & Kretschmer, M. (Eds.). (2015). The Copyright Evidence Wiki: Empirical Evidence for Copyright Policy. www.CopyrightEvidence.org. CREATe Centre: University of Glasgow. Accessed dd/mm/yyyy.

When citing make explicit reference to the date when the platform was accessed, as the content is subject to revisions.