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| − | |Source={{Source
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| − | |Name of Study=EPO and OHIM (2013)
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| − | |Author=The European Patent Office and the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market
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| − | |Title=Intellectual property rights intensive industries: contribution to economic performance and employment in the European Union
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| − | |Year=2013
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| − | |Full Citation=EPO and OHIM (2013). Intellectual property rights intensive industries: contribution to economic performance and employment in the European Union.
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| − | |Abstract=Innovation is one of the areas covered by the five key targets set in “Europe 2020”, the ten‑year
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| − | growth strategy adopted by the European Union with a view to creating a more competitive economy
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| − | with higher employment. It has never been so important to foster the “virtuous circle” leading from Research and Development (R&D) investment to jobs – via innovation, competitive advantage and economic success – as in today’s world of increasingly globalised markets and the knowledge
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| − | economy. This process depends on several different factors, but an efficient system of intellectual property rights (IPR) undoubtedly ranks among the most important, given IP’s capacity to encourage creativity and innovation, in all its various forms, throughout the economy.
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| − | Europe already has a long tradition in this area: European countries have played a major part in
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| − | shaping a modern and balanced system of IP rights which not only guarantees innovators their due
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| − | reward but also stimulates a competitive market. It is nevertheless vital to ensure that the system remains a useful instrument in implementing new innovation policies designed to achieve those goals. At the same time, there have been several calls from industry for indicators to measure the economic impact of IP rights. Moreover, in view of the question marks which, in public debate, have sometimes been raised over IP’s role in supporting innovation and creativity, it is essential that facts and figures be produced to ensure such debate is based on sound evidence.
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| − | That is why the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM), acting through the European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights, and the European Patent Office (EPO) decided to join forces and carry out this study in co-operation with the European Commission, in particular DG Internal Market and Services and Eurostat.
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| − | There have already been several studies on specific IP rights, industrial sectors or countries, but the OHIM-EPO study is the first to quantify the overall contribution made by IPR‑intensive industries to the EU economy, in terms of output, employment, wages and trade, taking into account the major
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| − | IP rights (patents, trade marks, designs, copyrights, geographical indications). Despite the
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| − | conservative approach, reflected in the rigorous methodology applied, the main results are very
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| − | impressive: IPR-intensive industries generate more than a quarter of employment and more than a
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| − | third of economic activity in the EU.
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| − | |Authentic Link=https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/full_report/joint_report_epo_ohim.pdf
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| − | |Link=https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/full_report/joint_report_epo_ohim.pdf
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| − | |Reference=OHIM (2015);
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| − | |Plain Text Proposition=IPR-intensive industries are defined as those having an above-average use of IPR per employee.
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| − | The present study shows that about half of European industries can be considered IPR‑intensive.
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| − | It should be emphasised, however, that all industries use IP rights to some extent. By focusing onlyon the IPR-intensive industries, this study arguably understates the real contribution of IP rights to the European economy.
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| − | Such IPR-intensive industries are shown to have generated almost 26% of all jobs in the EU during
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| − | the period 2008-2010, with almost 21% in trade mark-intensive industries, 12% in design-intensive
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| − | industries, 10% in patent-intensive industries, and smaller proportions in copyright-intensive and GI-intensive industries. On average over this period, 56.5 million Europeans were employed by
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| − | IPR-intensive industries, out of a total employment of approximately 218 million. In addition, another 20 million jobs were generated in industries that supply goods and services to the IPR-intensive industries. Taking indirect jobs into account, the total number of IPR‑dependent jobs rises to just under 77 million (35.1%).
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| − | Over the same period, IPR-intensive industries generated almost 39% of total economic activity
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| − | (GDP) in the EU, worth € 4.7 trillion. They also accounted for most of the EU’s trade with the rest of the world, with design-intensive, copyright-intensive and GI-intensive industries generating a trade surplus.
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| − | IPR-intensive industries also pay significantly higher wages than other industries, with a wage
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| − | premium of more than 40%. This is consistent with the fact that the value added per worker is higher in IPR-intensive industries than elsewhere in the economy.
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| − | |FundamentalIssue=1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare, 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?, 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption),
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| − | |EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right), E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts), D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability),
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| − | |Discipline=L1: Market Structure; Firm Strategy; and Market Performance, L11: Production; Pricing; and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms, O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
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| − | |Intervention-Response=The study covers a broad range of IP rights – trade marks, patents, designs, copyright and
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| − | Geographical Indications (GIs) – and considers a variety of economic indicators, in particular
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| − | Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, external trade and wages. It makes no policy
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| − | recommendations, as this is not within its scope. Instead, it is designed to provide evidence that can be used by policymakers in their work, and to serve as a basis for raising awareness of Intellectual Property among Europe’s citizens.
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| − | The study is intended to provide results that are comparable to those obtained for the US economy. The methodology used here is therefore closely related to that used in the pioneering study published in March 2012 by the Economics and Statistics Administration in the US Department of Commerce and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
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| − | |Description of Data=The report looks at industries that use Intellectual Property Rights intensively to examine the difference between those and other industries in terms of performance, in order to measure the value of IPR to their business and the economy overall.
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| − | |Data Year=2013
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| − | |Data Type=Primary data
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| − | |Method of Collection=Quantitative data/text mining, Case Study, Qualitative content/text mining
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| − | |Method of Analysis=Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining), Textual Content Analysis
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| − | |Country=European Union;
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| − | |Cross-country=Yes
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| − | |Comparative=No
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| − | |Government or policy=No
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| − | |Literature review=No
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| − | }}
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| − | |Dataset={{Dataset
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| − | |Sample Size=1
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| − | |Level of Aggregation=case study,
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| − | |Data Material Year=2013
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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