https://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&feed=atom&action=historyErickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018) - Revision history2024-03-28T15:01:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.2https://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&diff=13470&oldid=prevAThomas at 08:13, 20 October 20202020-10-20T08:13:55Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Link=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132898/1/Erickson_RP_OpenSym_WP.pdf</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Link=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132898/1/Erickson_RP_OpenSym_WP.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Reference=Boyle (2003);Pollock et al. (2010);Buccafusco and Heald (2013);Heald et al. (2015);Erickson (2018);</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Reference=Boyle (2003);Pollock et al. (2010);Buccafusco and Heald (2013);Heald et al. (2015);Erickson (2018);</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del>&<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#8226</del>; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).&<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#8226</del>; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.&<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#8226</del>; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.&<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#8226</del>; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).&<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#8226</del>; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&bull; </ins>The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. <br> </ins>&<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bull</ins>; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>&<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bull</ins>; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>&<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bull</ins>; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>&<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bull</ins>; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> </ins>&<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bull</ins>; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?,4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?,4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right),D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right),D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)</div></td></tr>
</table>AThomashttps://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&diff=13469&oldid=prevAThomas at 14:47, 19 October 20202020-10-19T14:47:37Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value:&#8226; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).&#8226; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.&#8226; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.&#8226; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).&#8226; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value:&#8226; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).&#8226; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.&#8226; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.&#8226; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).&#8226; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?,4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?,4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">),D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Discipline=O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Discipline=O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Intervention-Response=Given the potential value of open source images, the study suggests that an assessment of the economic contribution of open source content should be conducted when future policy considerations threaten to encroach on this. This is particularly so given the broader societal benefits of open source imagery, including downstream educational uses.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Intervention-Response=Given the potential value of open source images, the study suggests that an assessment of the economic contribution of open source content should be conducted when future policy considerations threaten to encroach on this. This is particularly so given the broader societal benefits of open source imagery, including downstream educational uses.</div></td></tr>
</table>AThomashttps://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&diff=13054&oldid=prevNatacha at 07:45, 25 May 20202020-05-25T07:45:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Author=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kris </del>Erickson; Rodriguez Perez, F.; Rodriguez Perez, J.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Author=Erickson<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, K.</ins>; Rodriguez Perez, F.; Rodriguez Perez, J.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Title=What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Title=What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Year=2018</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Year=2018</div></td></tr>
</table>Natachahttps://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&diff=12966&oldid=prevNatacha at 08:08, 20 May 20202020-05-20T08:08:43Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Author=Kris Erickson; <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Felix </del>Rodriguez Perez; <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jesus </del>Rodriguez Perez</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Author=Kris Erickson; Rodriguez Perez<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, F.</ins>; Rodriguez Perez<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, J.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Title=What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Title=What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Year=2018</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Year=2018</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Abstract=“The Wikimedia Commons (WC) is a peer-produced repository of freely licensed images, videos, sounds and interactive media, containing more than 45 million files. This paper attempts to quantify the societal value of the WC by tracking the downstream use of images found on the platform. We take a random sample of 10,000 images from WC and apply an automated reverse-image search to each, recording when and where they are used ‘in the wild’. We detect 54,758 down-stream uses of the initial sample and we characterise these at the level of generic and country-code top-level domains (TLDs). We analyse the impact of specific variables on the odds that an image is used. The random sampling technique enables us to estimate overall value of all images contained on the platform. Drawing on the method employed by Heald et al (2015), we find a potential contribution of USD $28.9 billion from downstream use of Wikimedia Commons images over the lifetime of the project.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Abstract=“The Wikimedia Commons (WC) is a peer-produced repository of freely licensed images, videos, sounds and interactive media, containing more than 45 million files. This paper attempts to quantify the societal value of the WC by tracking the downstream use of images found on the platform. We take a random sample of 10,000 images from WC and apply an automated reverse-image search to each, recording when and where they are used ‘in the wild’. We detect 54,758 down-stream uses of the initial sample and we characterise these at the level of generic and country-code top-level domains (TLDs). We analyse the impact of specific variables on the odds that an image is used. The random sampling technique enables us to estimate overall value of all images contained on the platform. Drawing on the method employed by Heald et al (2015), we find a potential contribution of USD $28.9 billion from downstream use of Wikimedia Commons images over the lifetime of the project.”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Link=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132898/1/Erickson_RP_OpenSym_WP.pdf</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Link=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132898/1/Erickson_RP_OpenSym_WP.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Reference=Boyle (2003); Pollock et al. (2010); Buccafusco and Heald (2013); Heald et al. (2015); Erickson (2018);</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Reference=Boyle (2003);Pollock et al. (2010);Buccafusco and Heald (2013);Heald et al. (2015);Erickson (2018);</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value:&#8226; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).&#8226; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.&#8226; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.&#8226; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).&#8226; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?,4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#8226; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#8226; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#8226; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#8226; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#8226; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?, 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Discipline=O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Discipline=O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Intervention-Response=Given the potential value of open source images, the study suggests that an assessment of the economic contribution of open source content should be conducted when future policy considerations threaten to encroach on this. This is particularly so given the broader societal benefits of open source imagery, including downstream educational uses.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Intervention-Response=Given the potential value of open source images, the study suggests that an assessment of the economic contribution of open source content should be conducted when future policy considerations threaten to encroach on this. This is particularly so given the broader societal benefits of open source imagery, including downstream educational uses.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l38" >Line 38:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Funded By=Wikipedia Free Knowledge Advocacy Group;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Funded By=Wikipedia Free Knowledge Advocacy Group;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|Dataset=</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Natachahttps://www.copyrightevidence.org/wiki/index.php?title=Erickson,_Rodriguez_Perez_and_Rodriguez_Perez_(2018)&diff=11744&oldid=prevAThomas: Created page with "{{MainSource |Source={{Source |Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018) |Author=Kris Erickson; Felix Rodriguez Perez; Jesus Rodriguez Perez |Title=Wh..."2018-08-16T12:23:58Z<p>Created page with "{{MainSource |Source={{Source |Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018) |Author=Kris Erickson; Felix Rodriguez Perez; Jesus Rodriguez Perez |Title=Wh..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{MainSource<br />
|Source={{Source<br />
|Name of Study=Erickson, Rodriguez Perez and Rodriguez Perez (2018)<br />
|Author=Kris Erickson; Felix Rodriguez Perez; Jesus Rodriguez Perez<br />
|Title=What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use<br />
|Year=2018<br />
|Full Citation=Erickson, K, Rodriguez Perez, F and Rodriguez Perez, J (2018) What is the Commons Worth? Estimating the Value of Wikimedia Imagery by Observing Downstream Use. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Open Collaboration. OpenSym ’18: The 14th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, 22-24 Aug 2018, Paris, France. ACM (Association for Computing Machinery). ISBN 978-1-4503-59 36-8<br />
|Abstract=“The Wikimedia Commons (WC) is a peer-produced repository of freely licensed images, videos, sounds and interactive media, containing more than 45 million files. This paper attempts to quantify the societal value of the WC by tracking the downstream use of images found on the platform. We take a random sample of 10,000 images from WC and apply an automated reverse-image search to each, recording when and where they are used ‘in the wild’. We detect 54,758 down-stream uses of the initial sample and we characterise these at the level of generic and country-code top-level domains (TLDs). We analyse the impact of specific variables on the odds that an image is used. The random sampling technique enables us to estimate overall value of all images contained on the platform. Drawing on the method employed by Heald et al (2015), we find a potential contribution of USD $28.9 billion from downstream use of Wikimedia Commons images over the lifetime of the project.”<br />
|Link=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132898/1/Erickson_RP_OpenSym_WP.pdf<br />
|Reference=Boyle (2003); Pollock et al. (2010); Buccafusco and Heald (2013); Heald et al. (2015); Erickson (2018);<br />
|Plain Text Proposition=The study finds that voluntarily produced, and open source, imagery brings significant economic value:<br />
<br />
&#8226; 34.8% of the images on the Wikimedia Commons were used externally at least once, with a mean rate of 5.48 uses per image (dropping to 2.99 for commercial usages).<br />
<br />
&#8226; 99.8% of images are licensed, with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY SA) the most common (56.8%). This study also finds that licence type is a determinant of downstream re-use, noting that licences which require attribution and share-alike provisions are less likely to be used, compared to fully public domain images.<br />
<br />
&#8226; Wikipedia is the most frequent user of these images, and when images are displayed in this context they are more likely to be used externally in a commercial capacity.<br />
<br />
&#8226; Other external use factors include: the age of the image, the size, and the image’s origin (e.g. if originally posted on Flickr).<br />
<br />
&#8226; The estimated lifetime value of the Wikimedia Commons images is $22.5 billion (based on an assumption that downstream users would otherwise be paying commercial licence fees for these images if the project did not exist).<br />
|FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?, 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption),<br />
|EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right),<br />
|Discipline=O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights<br />
|Intervention-Response=Given the potential value of open source images, the study suggests that an assessment of the economic contribution of open source content should be conducted when future policy considerations threaten to encroach on this. This is particularly so given the broader societal benefits of open source imagery, including downstream educational uses.<br />
|Description of Data=The study consists of a sample of 10,000 randomly-selected image files from the Wikimedia Commons database. Images were categorised based on their size, author, source, licence type and linked usage on Wikipedia. Thereafter, a reverse-image search was conducted using the Selenium program, which determined where the images were used externally.<br />
|Data Year=February 2018<br />
|Data Type=Primary and Secondary data<br />
|Data Source=Wikimedia Commons;<br />
|Method of Collection=Quantitative Collection Methods, Web analytic (online user trace data)<br />
|Method of Analysis=Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation), Multivariate Statistics, Regression Analysis<br />
|Industry=Photographic activities; Creative, arts and entertainment;<br />
|Country=Global;<br />
|Cross-country=No<br />
|Comparative=No<br />
|Government or policy=No<br />
|Literature review=No<br />
|Funded By=Wikipedia Free Knowledge Advocacy Group;<br />
}}<br />
|Dataset=<br />
}}</div>AThomas