Difference between revisions of "Hagedoorn and Ridder (2012)"
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|Abstract=Our exploratory empirical study, based on a series of in-depth interviews and a survey of firms, searches for answers on a number of questions that deal with the role of formal contracts and intellectual property rights in the context of open innovation. We find that firms active in open innovation have a strong preference for the governance of their open innovation relationships through formal contracts. These contracts are relevant from both a control and a process monitoring perspective. Also, despite the open nature of open innovation, firms still see intellectual property rights as highly relevant to the protection of their innovative capabilities. In a first attempt to explain this preference for intellectual property rights by open innovation firms, we find the degree of openness of firms, their legalistic attitude, and the competitive dynamics of their product market environment to be related to this preference. | |Abstract=Our exploratory empirical study, based on a series of in-depth interviews and a survey of firms, searches for answers on a number of questions that deal with the role of formal contracts and intellectual property rights in the context of open innovation. We find that firms active in open innovation have a strong preference for the governance of their open innovation relationships through formal contracts. These contracts are relevant from both a control and a process monitoring perspective. Also, despite the open nature of open innovation, firms still see intellectual property rights as highly relevant to the protection of their innovative capabilities. In a first attempt to explain this preference for intellectual property rights by open innovation firms, we find the degree of openness of firms, their legalistic attitude, and the competitive dynamics of their product market environment to be related to this preference. | ||
|Authentic Link=http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:164 | |Authentic Link=http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:164 | ||
− | |Link=http:// | + | |Link=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.4183&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
− | |Reference=Chesbrough (2003); Dahlander and Gann (2010); Lichtenthaler and Ernst (2009); Enkel, Gassmann and Chesbrough (2009); Graham and Mowery (2006); | + | |Reference=Chesbrough (2003);Dahlander and Gann (2010);Lichtenthaler and Ernst (2009);Enkel, Gassmann and Chesbrough (2009);Graham and Mowery (2006); |
− | |Plain Text Proposition=*Our findings show that firms active in open innovation see both the legal (control) | + | |Plain Text Proposition=*Our findings show that firms active in open innovation see both the legal (control) perspective and the practical (monitoring) perspective as quite relevant. On average, firms in our sample perceive contracts as an important legal mechanism to control their collaboration with open innovation partners, as indicated by an average score of 5.42 on a 7 point Likert scale. The perceived importance of formal contracts as a means to monitor the progress of collaboration is somewhat lower with an average score of 5.10 on a 7 point Likert scale. These different scores for the use of contracts for control or monitoring purposes turned out to be only marginally statistically significant.*Firms active in open innovation seem to have a very strong preference for (renewable) contracts to govern their relationship with their partners when they engage in joint R&D, joint product and process development, and joint design. Not using contracts is 15 very much rather the exception than the rule. Also, open innovation firms value these contracts from both a legal control perspective as well as a more practical process monitoring perspective. * These firms indicate that, without IPR, they would be less inclined to cooperate with other firms as, based on their IPR protection, they are willing to invest in innovative activities that they can share with others. Results from our survey show a more detailed perspective on the role of IPR. It turns out that patents and technical and commercial information (trade secrets) are seen as the most important instruments to protect the innovative capabilities of firms from their open innovation partners, as indicated by nearly 90% of the firms in our sample. Trademarks and design rights are also seen as relevant by a substantial share of firms (nearly 75% and over 65%, respectively). Given the industry breakdown of the firms in our sample, it is probably not surprising that a smaller share of firms (about 53%) see the relevance of copyrights for the protection of their innovative capabilities. |
− | perspective and the practical (monitoring) perspective as quite relevant. On average, firms in | + | |FundamentalIssue=4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption),1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare |
− | our sample perceive contracts as an important legal mechanism to control their collaboration | + | |EvidenceBasedPolicy=E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts),B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) |
− | with open innovation partners, as indicated by an average score of 5.42 on a 7 point Likert | + | |Intervention-Response=*The research indicates that in terms of the governance of their collaborative innovative activities, firms active in open innovation appear to follow a somewhat ‘unadventurous’ strategy. This strategy is much more in line with what could be expected according to well accepted organizational economics theory (e.g. Williamson, 1985) that is closer to Chesbrough (2006a,b) than to a more ‘radical’ open innovation approach.*Rather than engaging in open disclosure and freely revealing their innovative activities to partners, firms seem to use formal contracts to organize their open innovation activities with specific partners. However, given the flexibility required by these innovative activities with a range of partners, where the objectives of collaboration might change over time, these open innovation contracts are probably not to be characterized as discrete, standard contracts but as subject to flexible private ordering. Also, both the control and the monitoring dimension of contracts, the degree to which firms use contracts from a legal or from a practical process perspective, appear to be relevant for open innovation collaboration. |
− | scale | + | |Description of Data=For the data collection the authors applied two distinct methods that follow a two-phase design with separate qualitative field research and a quantitative survey of firms. During the period from January to February 2011 they conducted a series of interviews with representatives of five large firms that can be seen as open innovators. |
− | progress of collaboration is somewhat lower with an average score of 5.10 on a 7 point Likert | ||
− | scale. These different scores for the use of contracts for control or monitoring purposes turned | ||
− | out to be only marginally statistically significant. | ||
− | |||
− | *Firms active in open innovation seem to have a very strong preference for | ||
− | (renewable) contracts to govern their relationship with their partners when they engage in | ||
− | joint R&D, joint product and process development, and joint design. Not using contracts is | ||
− | 15 very much rather the exception than the rule. Also, open innovation firms value these | ||
− | contracts from both a legal control perspective as well as a more practical process monitoring | ||
− | perspective. | ||
− | |||
− | * These firms indicate that, without IPR, they would be less | ||
− | inclined to cooperate with other firms as, based on their IPR protection, they are willing to | ||
− | invest in innovative activities that they can share with others. | ||
− | Results from our survey show a more detailed perspective on the role of IPR. It turns out that patents and technical and commercial information (trade secrets) are seen | ||
− | as the most important instruments to protect the innovative capabilities of firms from their | ||
− | open innovation partners, as indicated by nearly 90% of the firms in our sample. Trademarks | ||
− | and design rights are also seen as relevant by a substantial share of firms (nearly 75% and | ||
− | over 65%, respectively). Given the industry breakdown of the firms in our sample, it is | ||
− | probably not surprising that a smaller share of firms (about 53%) see the relevance of | ||
− | copyrights for the protection of their innovative capabilities. | ||
− | |FundamentalIssue=4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption), 1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare | ||
− | |EvidenceBasedPolicy=E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts), B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) | ||
− | |Intervention-Response=*The research indicates that in terms of the governance of their collaborative innovative | ||
− | activities, firms active in open innovation appear to follow a somewhat ‘unadventurous’ | ||
− | strategy. This strategy is much more in line with what could be expected according to well | ||
− | accepted organizational economics theory (e.g. Williamson, 1985) that is closer to | ||
− | Chesbrough (2006a,b) than to a more ‘radical’ open innovation approach. | ||
− | |||
− | *Rather than engaging in open disclosure and freely revealing their innovative activities to partners, | ||
− | firms seem to use formal contracts to organize their open innovation activities with specific | ||
− | partners. However, given the flexibility required by these innovative activities with a range of | ||
− | partners, where the objectives of collaboration might change over time, these open innovation contracts are probably not to be characterized as discrete, standard contracts but as subject to flexible private ordering. Also, both the control and the monitoring dimension of contracts, the degree to which firms use contracts from a legal or from a practical process perspective, appear to be relevant for open innovation collaboration. | ||
− | |Description of Data=For the data collection the authors applied two distinct methods that follow a two-phase design with separate qualitative field research and a quantitative survey of firms. During the period from January | ||
− | to February 2011 they conducted a series of interviews with representatives of five large firms | ||
− | that can be seen as open innovators. | ||
|Data Year=2011 | |Data Year=2011 | ||
|Data Type=Primary and Secondary data | |Data Type=Primary and Secondary data | ||
− | |Method of Collection=Quantitative Collection Methods, Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting), Qualitative Collection Methods, Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences), Semi-Structured Interview | + | |Data Source=Review of Existing Academic and Industries Literature; |
− | |Method of Analysis=Quantitative Analysis Methods, Qualitative Analysis Methods, Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) | + | |Method of Collection=Quantitative Collection Methods, Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting), Qualitative Collection Methods, Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences), Semi-Structured Interview, Quantitative Collection Methods |
− | + | |Method of Analysis=Quantitative Analysis Methods, Qualitative Analysis Methods, Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data), Quantitative Analysis Methods | |
− | |Country=European Union | + | |Country=European Union |
|Cross-country=No | |Cross-country=No | ||
|Comparative=No | |Comparative=No | ||
|Government or policy=No | |Government or policy=No | ||
− | |Literature review= | + | |Literature review=No |
}} | }} | ||
|Dataset={{Dataset | |Dataset={{Dataset | ||
|Sample Size=5 | |Sample Size=5 | ||
− | |Level of Aggregation=Company | + | |Level of Aggregation=Company |
|Data Material Year=2011 | |Data Material Year=2011 | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} |
Revision as of 08:18, 18 May 2020
Contents
Source Details
Hagedoorn and Ridder (2012) | |
Title: | Open innovation, contracts, and intellectual property rights: an exploratory empirical study |
Author(s): | Hagedoorn, J., Ridder, A.K. |
Year: | 2012 |
Citation: | Hagedoorn, J., & Ridder, A. K. (2012). Open innovation, contracts, and intellectual property rights: an exploratory empirical study. |
Link(s): | Definitive , Open Access |
Key Related Studies: | |
Discipline: | |
Linked by: |
About the Data | |
Data Description: | For the data collection the authors applied two distinct methods that follow a two-phase design with separate qualitative field research and a quantitative survey of firms. During the period from January to February 2011 they conducted a series of interviews with representatives of five large firms that can be seen as open innovators. |
Data Type: | Primary and Secondary data |
Secondary Data Sources: | |
Data Collection Methods: | |
Data Analysis Methods: | |
Industry(ies): | |
Country(ies): | |
Cross Country Study?: | No |
Comparative Study?: | No |
Literature review?: | No |
Government or policy study?: | No |
Time Period(s) of Collection: |
|
Funder(s): |
Abstract
Our exploratory empirical study, based on a series of in-depth interviews and a survey of firms, searches for answers on a number of questions that deal with the role of formal contracts and intellectual property rights in the context of open innovation. We find that firms active in open innovation have a strong preference for the governance of their open innovation relationships through formal contracts. These contracts are relevant from both a control and a process monitoring perspective. Also, despite the open nature of open innovation, firms still see intellectual property rights as highly relevant to the protection of their innovative capabilities. In a first attempt to explain this preference for intellectual property rights by open innovation firms, we find the degree of openness of firms, their legalistic attitude, and the competitive dynamics of their product market environment to be related to this preference.
Main Results of the Study
- Our findings show that firms active in open innovation see both the legal (control) perspective and the practical (monitoring) perspective as quite relevant. On average, firms in our sample perceive contracts as an important legal mechanism to control their collaboration with open innovation partners, as indicated by an average score of 5.42 on a 7 point Likert scale. The perceived importance of formal contracts as a means to monitor the progress of collaboration is somewhat lower with an average score of 5.10 on a 7 point Likert scale. These different scores for the use of contracts for control or monitoring purposes turned out to be only marginally statistically significant.*Firms active in open innovation seem to have a very strong preference for (renewable) contracts to govern their relationship with their partners when they engage in joint R&D, joint product and process development, and joint design. Not using contracts is 15 very much rather the exception than the rule. Also, open innovation firms value these contracts from both a legal control perspective as well as a more practical process monitoring perspective. * These firms indicate that, without IPR, they would be less inclined to cooperate with other firms as, based on their IPR protection, they are willing to invest in innovative activities that they can share with others. Results from our survey show a more detailed perspective on the role of IPR. It turns out that patents and technical and commercial information (trade secrets) are seen as the most important instruments to protect the innovative capabilities of firms from their open innovation partners, as indicated by nearly 90% of the firms in our sample. Trademarks and design rights are also seen as relevant by a substantial share of firms (nearly 75% and over 65%, respectively). Given the industry breakdown of the firms in our sample, it is probably not surprising that a smaller share of firms (about 53%) see the relevance of copyrights for the protection of their innovative capabilities.
Policy Implications as Stated By Author
- The research indicates that in terms of the governance of their collaborative innovative activities, firms active in open innovation appear to follow a somewhat ‘unadventurous’ strategy. This strategy is much more in line with what could be expected according to well accepted organizational economics theory (e.g. Williamson, 1985) that is closer to Chesbrough (2006a,b) than to a more ‘radical’ open innovation approach.*Rather than engaging in open disclosure and freely revealing their innovative activities to partners, firms seem to use formal contracts to organize their open innovation activities with specific partners. However, given the flexibility required by these innovative activities with a range of partners, where the objectives of collaboration might change over time, these open innovation contracts are probably not to be characterized as discrete, standard contracts but as subject to flexible private ordering. Also, both the control and the monitoring dimension of contracts, the degree to which firms use contracts from a legal or from a practical process perspective, appear to be relevant for open innovation collaboration.
Coverage of Study
Datasets
Sample size: | 5 |
Level of aggregation: | Company |
Period of material under study: | 2011 |