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; A10: General A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values A14: Sociology of Economics A1: General Economics A20: General A21: Pre-college A22: Undergraduate A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics A32: Collective Volumes A33: Handbooks A: General Economics and Teaching B21: Microeconomics B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925 B41: Economic Methodology B4: Economic Methodology C01: Econometrics C10: General C12: Hypothesis Testing: General C13: Estimation: General C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General C20: General C21: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation C31: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models C50: General C51: Model Construction and Estimation C59: Other C5: Econometric Modeling C63: Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods C88: Other Computer Software C91: Laboratory; Individual Behavior C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods D02: Institutions: Design; Formation; and Operations D03: Behavioral Microeconomics • Underlying Principles D10: General D11: Consumer Economics: Theory D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights D2: Production and Organizations D42: Monopoly D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D46: Value Theory D47: Market Design D4: Market Structure and Pricing D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis D6: Welfare Economics D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making D82: Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief D86: Economics of Contract: Theory D8: Information; Knowledge; and Uncertainty D: Microeconomics E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy E03: Behavioral Macroeconomics E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital E26: Informal Economy • Underground Economy E2: Consumption; Saving; Production; Investment; Labor Markets; and Informal Economy F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions F1: Trade F23: Multinational Firms • International Business F2: International Factor Movements and International Business F60: General F62: Macroeconomic Impacts F63: Economic Development G18: Government Policy and Regulation G38: Government Policy and Regulation H41: Public Goods H4: Publicly Provided Goods H52: Government Expenditures and Education H: Public Economics I21: Analysis of Education I23: Higher Education • Research Institutions J11: Demographic Trends; Macroeconomic Effects; and Forecasts J16: Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply J30: General J3: Wages; Compensation; and Labor Costs K00: General K0: General K10: General K11: Property Law K12: Contract Law K14: Criminal Law K19: Other K1: Basic Areas of Law K20: General K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K29: Other K2: Regulation and Business Law K30: General K33: International Law K39: Other K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law K40: General K41: Litigation Process K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K4: Legal Procedure; the Legal System; and Illegal Behavior K: Law and Economics L00: General L10: General L11: Production; Pricing; and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms L12: Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility L17: Open Source Products and Markets L1: Market Structure; Firm Strategy; and Market Performance L21: Business Objectives of the Firm L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing L29: Other L2: Firm Objectives; Organization; and Behavior L31: Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs L41: Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L51: Economics of Regulation L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy L63: Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing L80: General L82: Entertainment • Media L83: Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software L88: Government Policy L8: Industry Studies: Services L: Industrial Organization M1: Business Administration M2: Business Economics M31: Marketing M37: Advertising M38: Government Policy and Regulation M3: Marketing and Advertising M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects M59: Other M5: Personnel Economics N3: Labor and Consumers; Demography; Education; Health; Welfare; Income; Wealth; Religion; and Philanthropy N6: Manufacturing and Construction N: Economic History O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements O1: Economic Development O21: Planning Models • Planning Policy O30: General O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital O38: Government Policy O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights O47: Measurement of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence O57: Comparative Studies of Countries O: Economic Development; Technological Change; and Growth P14: Property Rights P26: Political Economy • Property Rights P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies Y10: Data: Tables and Charts Y80: Related Disciplines Z10: General Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Social and Economic Stratification Z18: Public Policy Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology

Primary and Secondary data (116) · Primary data (236) · Secondary data (134)

; 1944-2012 ALCS survey 2007 ALCS survey 2015 AfDB (2012) Alliance for IP Amazon.com Anti-Copying in Design Anti-Counterfeiting Group Arbitron Arthur, W.B. (1994) Artists’ Collecting Society Artnet Asia Pulse, 19 December 2000 Australia Bureau of Statistics Australia Council study of practising professional artists (2003) Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) Australian Bureau of Statistics Census 2001, 2006 Australian Economic Indicators (2008) Australian Law Reform Commission (2013) Australian Society of Authors Australian Society of Authors (ASA) Austrian composers report (1993) BPI BPI Annual Yearbook 2013 BV Musikindustrie BV Phono Baker and Cunningham (2009) BiB TV Programming Source Book BigChampagne Big Innovation Centre Billboard-Blogs Billboard Chart Bing transparency report Blog posts Booksinprint.com Boxofficemojo.com Brauneis and Oliar (2015) Brauneis and Oliar (2017) British Copyright Council British Library British Phonographic Industry British Screen Advisory Council Bundesverband der Phonographischen Wirtschaft Bureau of Labor Statistics Business Software Alliance Business Software Alliance (2010) CDBaby CISAC Annual Report 2008 CISAC Annual Report 2013 CJA CJEU website CNC COMPUSTAT CPA (2002) CRS Case law CcMixter Center for Research in Security Prices Chilling Effects (Lumen) Chilling Effects repository CitiGroup Clarivate Web of Science Collecting societies Communication and Mass Media Compiled from 2003, 2002 and 2001 IIPA ‘Special 301’ Reports, People’s Republic of China (pp. 19, 32 and 26, respectively) Consumer Expenditure Survey Copyright Levies Reform Alliance Copyright Licensing Agency Copyright Office Electronic Catalog Copyright laws Copyright renewal records Creative & Cultural Skills UK Crown Prosecution Service Current Population Survey DACS study 2011 DG Trade: Market Access Database Daniel, E. and Klimis, G.M. (1999) Data.gov.uk Digital Citizen Project Digital Music Times Dolfsma, W. (2000) Dun and Bradstreet EBRD Foreign Investment Survey ECJ EMusic EconLit Erickson, Kretschmer and Mendis (2013) European Commission European Commission Impact Assessment on the Modernisation of EU Copyright Rules European Public Domain Calculators Eurostat Eurostat Labour Force Survey Eurostat Structural Business Survey Existing academic literature Federal Communication Commission Federal Judicial Center Federation Against Copyright Theft Federation Against Software Theft Fiesler, Feuston and Bruckman (2015) Fiesler, Lampe and Bruckman (2016) Fiesler, Morrison and Bruckman (2016) Fiesler (2008) Fiesler and Bruckman (2014) Film Index International Finnish music business study (2003) Forbes Fraser Institute GMID German Legal Database "beck-online" German Tax Data Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Global Market Information Database Google Scholar Google Transparent Report Google Trends Google transparency report Haverman (2004): Antebellum literary culture and the evolution of American magazines Hofstede (1984) Https://www.court.gov.il/NGCS.Web.Site/HomePage.aspx IFPI IFPI (2011) IFPI (2013) IMDb IMDbPro ITunes Indian Box Office Revenues (http://ibosnetwork.com/default.aspx) Indian Censor Board (http://cbfcindia.gov.in/) Indian Music Industry (IMI) Industry InfoUSA Infosoc Directive Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 2000 International Intellectual Property Alliance (2004) Special 301 Report on Global Copyright Protection and enforcement International Planning Research Corporation International Planning and Research Corporation 2000 International Telecommunication Union International treaty Internet Archive Wayback Machine Interpedia James Coover (1983) Justwatch.com KEA (2012) Kinomatics project Ku, Sun and Fan (2009) Künstlersozialkasse insurance data Landes and Posner (2003) Legislative review LexisNexis Library of Congress Literature review Lumen Lunney (2014) MCC Report Major Record Company Sales Data Market Analysis Information Database Martindale-Hubbell Directory Miller, P (2012) Thinking about Open Data, With a Little Help from the Data Hub. Cloud of Data Mininova Ministry of Justice Moody's Motion Picture Association Movie2k.to MusicBrainz Music Publishers Association (2014) Musicians and the Internet (2004) Musikindustrie Muso Médiamétrie NACE classification NESTA Natioanal Statistics Offices National Music Publishers Association National studies Net Hamishpat Newspaper Licensing Association Newspaper articles Nielsen Media Research Nielsen SoundScan Nokia None None stated Not Specified Nupedia OECD (GDP) OECD Reports OFCOM OFCOM statistics ORBIS OTA (1986) Office for National Statistics Oliar, Pattison and Powell (2014) Oliar and Matich (2013) Open Data Institute Open Rights Group Open letter from Steve Jobs and response from Tim Amoroso from Macrovision Overdrive PRODCOM PRS for Music Pew Internet Project Pew Study of American Artists Phonolog data base Piracy map compiled from IIPA 2001 ‘Special 301’ Report: Malaysia Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit Policy Reports Pollstar Pre-existing Academic Research PsychInfo Publishers Association Publishers Weekly Publishersweekly Quantitative-empirical literature based on economic theory Quora RIAA RIAJ Rentrak Research Insight Review of Existing Academic and Industries Literature SABIP SHERPA institutional repository list ScreenDaily.com Society of Authors Softletter Sony SoundScan Statistisches Bundesamt Statutory exceptions Study of self-employed German authors and artists (2006) Submission of evidence by interested parties SurveyMonkey Survey of GLAM open access policy and practice Tax Foundation The Directory of Open Access Repositories The International Federation of The Phonographic Industry The International Publishers Association The Los Angeles Times The New York Times The United States Supreme Court Judicial Database The Wall Street Journal The Washington Post Thomson One Banker Database Ticknor and Fields Publishing Tmdb Torrentfreak Trading Standards TuneCore Twitter Twitter transparency report U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Copyright Registrations UK IPO UK Intellectual Property Office UK Interactive Entertainment UK Music UNESCO UNESCO Statistical Yearbook USA Today USPTO US Copyright Office US Federal Court Decisions US Supreme Court case United States Federal Courts United States Patent and Trademark Office United States Patent and Trademark Office website Variety Various Various Historical Opera Annals Various music magazines and websites Vcdquality.com Vimeo transparency report Vivendi WAN-IFRA Database WIPO WIPO (1989) WIPO (2008) WIPO (2014) WIPO Lex Ward's Wayback Machine Westlaw While Scopus Wired Magazine World Bank World Bank's World Development Indicators World Development Indicators CD-ROM World Governance Indicator Project World Income Inequality Database World Telecommunication/Information and Communication Technologies Indicators Worldscope XBox.com YOUNISON Yahoo movies Yo Yo Games Store YouTube ‘2000 Global Software Piracy Report’, conducted by International Planning and Research Corporation (IPR) for the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA).

Archival Research · Case Study · Document Research · Ethnography · Experimental (Field) · Experimental (Laboratory) · Experimental (Natural) · Focus Groups · Historical Methods · Life History · Longitudinal Study · Participant Observation · Qualitative Collection Methods · Qualitative content/text mining · Quantitative Collection Methods · Quantitative data/text mining · Semi-Structured Interview · Snowball sampling · Structured Interview · Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences) · Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting) · Unstructured Interview · Web analytic (online user trace data) · Other · None

Abduction/Retroduction (1) · Cluster analysis (13) · Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (10) · Correlation and Association (67) · Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation) (122) · Discourse Analysis (30) · Ethnographic/narrative analysis (18) · Factor Analysis (3) · Grounded Theory (17) · Legal Analysis (101) · Meta-Analysis (5) · Multivariate Statistics (31) · Qualitative Analysis Methods (221) · Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) (110) · Quantitative Analysis Methods (198) · Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining) (98) · Regression Analysis (70) · Social Network Analysis (5) · Structural Equation Modeling (29) · Textual Content Analysis (117) · Triangulation (2) · Visual / Other Content Analysis (8)

; Africa Argentina Armenia Asia Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic EU England Estonia Europe European Union Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Global Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Korea Kuwait Latvia Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Palestine, State of Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Scotland Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Netherlands Turkey UK Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Unknown Venezuela Vietnam Worldwide Zimbabwe

No (349) · Yes (148)

No (389) · Yes (108)

No (424) · Yes (59)

No (401) · Yes (82)

; * Random Sample of Feasibility: 1999 to 2001 * The Posner Memorial Collection 2001 to 2004 * The Million Book Project 2003 to 2005 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2008 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2017 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2017 1 October 1999 - 15 February 2000. 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1-29 August 2003 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 14 April 2018 15 May 2018 1667 17 July 2017 1794-1960 1853 to 1996 1890 - 1964 1900 - 2014 1910 to 1960 1922-1941 1960 to 2014 1960-1985 1968-1972 1975 - 2007 1975–2000 1977 to 1984 1978 - 15 January 2018 1978 to 2005 1978-2000 1978-2012 1982 - 1999 1984 1984 - 2013 1984 to 1989 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2006 1985-2000 1985-2005 1988 to 2008 1989 1989 to 2005 1989 to 2008 1989-1994 1989-2004 199-2000 1990-1999 1990-2000 1990-2010 1991 to 2007 1991-2002 1992-2014 1993-2004 1994 1994-1997 1994-2014 1995-1999 1996-1998 1996-2000 1996-2005 1996-2006 1997 to 2000 1997-2008 1998 1998 to 2012 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2004 1998-2009 1998-2015 1998-2018 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2000 1999-2006 2 Months 2000,2005, and 2013 2000-2005 2000-2006 2000-2012 2001 2001 to 2003 2001 to 2004 2001-2002 2001-2011 2002 2002 - 2014 2002 to 2007 2002 to 2008 2002-2007 2003 2003-2004 2003-2005 2003-2007 2003-2009 2003-2012 2003-2013 2003-2016 2003-2017 2004 2004 - 2005 2004 to 2005 2004 to 2011 2004 to 2014 2004-2005 2005 2005 to 2006 2005 to 2008 2005, 2013 2005-2007 2005-2010 2006 2006 to 2010 2006 to 2011 2006-2009 2006-2013 2007 2007 - 2009 2007 to 2008 2007 to 2009 2007-2008 2007-2009 2007-2010 2007-2011 2007-2012 2008 2008 to 2009 2008 to 2014 2008-2009 2008-2011 2008-2013 2008-2016 2009 2009 - 2012 2009 to 2011 2009-2010 2009-2011 2009-2014 2010 2010-2011 2010-2011 Pre-2011 2010-2013 2011 2011 - 2015 2011 to 2012 2011-2012 2011-2014 2011-2019 2012 2012 - 2020 2012 to 2013 2012-2013 2012-2016 2013 2013 (for survey) 2013-2014 2014 2014 - 2017 2014-2015 2014-2016 2015 2015-2016 2015-2019 2016 2016 - 2017 2016-2017 2017 - 2019 2017-2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 27 April 2020 A semester in 2013 April 2004 - July 2004 April 2006 April 2007 April 2008 April 2010 - September 2011 April and May 2018 August 2006 to October 2006 Between 15 March 2004 and 15 April 2004 Between March 2010 and February 2011 Between May and July 2014. Data includes an assessment of creative industries in comparison with market trends and competition. Several examples are presented to support economic theory and proposition. Data was collected over two weeks in 2012. December 2003 December 2007 December 2016 February 2019 February to October 2006 From 1 April 2014 to 30 April 2014 From 2 April 2013 to 29 April 2013 From 2004 to 2022 January 1992 – June 2012 January 2006 through March 2006 January 2009, June 2009, March 2010 and December 2010. January 2012 January 2014 - December 2018 January 2015 January 2017 January 2017 - April 2017 January to February 2009 and October 2009. July 2006 July 2006 and 2010 July 2012 July 2017 - September 2017 July and August 2020 June - October 2014 June 2000 June 2008 June to September 2009 March 15-April 15 2004 March 2017 May - October 2013 May 19 - May 26, 2011 May 2020 – June 2020 Mid-1980s No data Non stated Non-stated None stated Not Specified Not Stated Not specified Not specified, but all data (policies) were last analysed on May 5, 2021. Not stated Not stated. Not stated. The study focuses, with a few exceptions, on the literature of the last decade. November 18-December 14, 2003. November 2009 November 2016 November and December 2019 November to December 2006 October 2012 - December 2015 October 2014 - September 2015 October 2016 - December 2016 October 2017 October 3-8, 2012 Pre 1990 Pre-2006 Prior to 2005 Prior to 2007 Prior to 202 September 20 - October 2, 2011 September 2002 - March 2003 September 2010 – September 2012 September 2016 September to December 2012 September to November 2009 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 Spring 2013 Spring and summer 2009 Summer 2013 The survey response period ran from January 2015 to August 2015. Follow-up and reminder correspondence was sent electronically to this same law journal sample in March 2015 and August 2015. Unstated. Until 2012 Various none

; AHRC Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Amedeo Piolatto acknowledges financial support from IVIE, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant ECO2009-12680), the Barcelona GS Research Network and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant 2009 SGR 102). Arts and Humanities Research Council Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Auckland Council Libraries Australia Council Australia Council for the Arts Australian Copyright Council Australian Digital Alliance Australian Digital Alliance (Pappalardo et al.) Australian Government Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship Australian Research Council Australian Research Council (LP160100387/FT170100011) Australian Research Council DECRA Fellowship (project number DE160101542) Australian Research Council projects LP160100387, FT170100011 and DE170100037 Australian Research Council via projects LP160100387, FT170100011 and DE170100037 Authors’ Licensing & Collecting Society (ALCS) Boston Consulting Group Bowdoin College Brisbane City Council Libraries Bruce Miller CREATe CREATe, AHRC Grant Number AH/K000179/1 CREATe, Grant Number AH/K000179/1 Centel Foundation/Robert P. Reuss Faculty Research Fund Centennial scholarships Center for Global Partnership Center for the Analysis of Property Rights and Innovation (CAPRI) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Centre for Copyright and New Business Model in the Creative Economy (CREATe) City University of Hong Kong Comissioned for and sponsored by the National Recording Preservation Board, Library of Congress Commonwealth of Australia Congressional Research Service Consumer Focus Department of International Trade, Chungnam National University Digital Media Research Centre at the Queensland University of Technology EIFL ESRC (UK) Grant No. RES–186–27–0012 EU Commission Economic and Social Research Council Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (grant RES-173-27-0220) European Commision European Commission European Grouping of Societies of Authors and Composers European Parliament European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 611988 Flemish Agency for Innovation through Science and Technology Ford Foundation Fulbright Fellowship Fulbright Senior Research grant Fulbright grant program Funded by the Ford Foundation, through a Future of Public Media grant to the Center for Social Media Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation Gallup George F. Baker Foundation German Institute for Economic Research Gold Coast Libraries Golden Gate University School of Law Google Google Inc. H2020 reCreating Europe HM Government HM Treasury Hadopi Hampshire Library Service Hellen Posner Henry Posner jr. Heritage Plus Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No. 870626 House of Commons I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee IPO Institute for Research in Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. Intellectual Property Office International Development Research Centre International Intellectual Property Alliance International Postgraduate Research Israeli Internet Association JISC John D. Evans Foundation John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (2018) Kenan Faculty Fund Mellon Foundation Million Book Project Monash University NSF Award #121634 National Audiovisual Institute (NINA) National Museum Directors’ Council National Research Council (NRC) Committee on the Impact of Copyright Policy on Innovation in the Digital Era National Science Council of Taiwan, R.O.C. National Science Council, Taiwan National Science Foundation National Science Foundation (award #1216247) National University of Singapore through the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 National and State Libraries Australia Naval Academy Research Council Grant None None stated Northeastern University Humanities Center (2017–2018) Not Specified Not Stated Not stated OHIM Ofcom Office of the United States Trade Representative Olin and Bradley Foundations, Merck, Microsoft and Pfizer Open Society Foundations OpenDataMonitor Project OpenForum Europe Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PAI P4/04, Belgian State, Prime Minister’s Office, Science Policy Programming Pew Internet and American Life Project Polish National Center for Culture (NCK) Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation RCUK RCUK Funded Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy (CREATe) RCUK/CREATe Research Councils UK Research Innovation Grant Robert William University Research Foundation SABIP SMG KRC Millward Brown Sloan Foundation South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No 98405) Spangenberg Center for Law, Technology and the Arts at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Spangenberg Center for Law, Technology and the Arts at Case Western Reserve University Spangenberg Center for Law, Technology and the Arts at Case Western Reserve University School of Law St Mary’s County Library Swansea University Swiss National Science Foundation The Creators’ Rights Alliance The Finnish Academy The Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 1820/17) The Leverhulme Trust The National Academies of the Sciences The Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and the European Patent Office The Office for Harmonization in the Internal market The Pew Charitable Trusts The Sloan Foundation The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for the doctoral fellowship and the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries for the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship that covered the costs of data collection. The Swedish Knowledge Foundation The Writers’ Union of Canada The author gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the New Zealand Law Foundation for this research project. The authors acknowledge the George Mason University’s Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property and its Leonardo da Vinci Research The financial support for this project was given by the Leverholm Trust and the Herchel Smith Intellectual Property Research Fund, Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge The second author has benefited from the visit to the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University, whose generous provision of research opportunity is gratefully acknowledged The study was funded by the UK Authors’ Licensing & Collecting Society (ALCS) This Report was prepared for APRA AMCOS, PPCA, Copyright Agency│Viscopy, Foxtel, News Corp Australia and Screenrights. This research is an ESRC, AHRC and IPO funded research project in the form of a placement fellowship. The fellowship places the researcher (Dr. Searle) in the Economics, Research and Evidence Team at IPO offices in London. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number RES-173- 27-0219). It occurred in conjunction with the Scottish Funding Council funded Moving Targets project. This research was funded by Grant Number ECO2008-0410/ECON of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER, and by the Centre for Research and Studies in Humanities of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. This research was funded in part by a PSCCUNY grant #67792-00-36 and a Doctoral Student Research Grant from the CUNY Graduate Center. This research was part of the multicountry research project 'Towards a Detente in Media Piracy' undertaken by the Association for Progressive Communications (ACP) and supported bu the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York This work was partially supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262762, and through the research project MASHED, project number 249817 Toulouse Network on Information Technology Towards a National Collection programme U.K. Economic and Social Research Council grant number ES/K008137/1 UCLA School of Law UNC Arts and Humanities Research Grant United Nations United States Copyright Office University of East Anglia University of Georgia Law School University of Houston Law Center’s Institute for Intellectual Property & Information Law’s 2012-2013 Sponsored Scholarship Grant for the Legal Academy University of Minnesota University of Queensland Vancouver Public Library Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City (Grant number C2017-20-41) WHO WIPO We 
thank 
the
 National
 Human 
Genome 
Research
 Initiative 
for 
a 
generous 
grant 
supporting 
this
 work Western New England College School of Law World Intellectual Property Office World Intellectual Property Organization Yarra Plenty Regional Library Yarra Plenty Regional Library,Gold Coast Libraries reCreating Europe - Rethinking digital copyright law for a culturally diverse, accessible, creative Europe (870626) the Australian Library and Information Association the state libraries of Western Australia South Australia and New South Wales the state libraries of Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales ∗Support for this research by NBER’s Economics of Digitization and Copyright Initiative is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (274) · 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? (116) · 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) (53) · 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) (163) · 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media) (232)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) (136) · B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) (106) · C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) (58) · D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) (173) · E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) (65) · F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness) (231)

1 - 5 (80) · 5 - 30 (97) · 30 - 80 (66) · 80 - 300 (93) · 300 - 1,000 (69) · 1,000 - 200,000,000 (84)

; Academic article Advertisements Album Analysed response Art Market Professionals Articles Artist Artists Australian copyright industries Authorities Authors Blog posts Book prices Books Business model Case Studies Case Study Case study Cases Chefs City Collecting Societies Collecting societies Collecting society financial data College students Company Competition agencies Concerts Copyright Law Suits Copyright cases Copyright enforcement models Copyright enforcement systems Copyright holder Copyright legal system Copyright registrations Copyright systems Corporate and Industry Associations Website Country Court Decisions Court cases Creative businesses Creative industries Creators Cultural Heritage Institutions Cultural Institution Staff Cultural Institutions Design Professionals Digital Sales in 6 European Music Markets Digital heritage practitioners Digitised Book Collections Documents EU Cases EULA Economic indicators Economic model Economic theory-based academic papers related to copyright Enforcement of copyright models Experts Fans Federal Judgement Opinions Files Film Film and TV Filmmakers Firm Firms Focus Groups Focus group Focus of the study is the domestic market for recorded music in the USA. Forum post Forum posts Governmental Representatives High school students Hour Household IP Professionals IP rights IPR-intensive industries Implementation model Individual Individual Copyright Offences Individual Responses Individual Staff Individual data Individual semistructured interviews Individuals Individuals from BC1C2DE socio-economic groups in England Industry Instructors International Recording Industry Interview Interviewed author Interviews Interviews with content creators Journalists Journals Kickstarter projects Law journals Legal Decision Legal experts Legal regime Legislative review Librarians Librarians / Library Staff Literary authors Magazines Market Marketing campaign Mini-case Model for orphan works Models for database creation Models of copying Models of protection Monthly data shipment units Movies Multinational music firms Museums Music critics' rankings Music professionals Music sales data Music services Music streaming services Musical compositions Musician or songwriter Musicians and Songwriters News articles Newspaper Articles Observations Online surveyed author Open Source Software Open and closed development models Organisations Organizations Out-of-print books P2P communication events P2P users PSI re-users Pages of Discussion Pages of text from archival research Photographers Piracy data Platforms Present value of additional compensation calculation Price observations Price units Profit margin units Projects Provision Publication Publications Publishers Qualitative interviews Questionnaire Questionnaires Recording Artists Research models Respondant Respondent Responses to Call for Evidence Rule-set Ruling Scenario Scholars School curriculum Socio-economic variables Software Users Song Songs Sound recordings Stakeholders Students Studies Submissions Subsidy policy Systems of fair use in copyright TV Episodes Takedown Requests Takedown complaints Takedown requests Teenagers Texts Threads Treaty Tweets Two types of costs associated with piracy Types of goods U.S. federal court decisions US District Court Cases University students Videos Websites Wikipedia pages Wikipedia webpages Work made for hire cases Workers Writers Years Years of iTunes selling digital songs and videos Years of sales data authors book contracts book titles case study composers and lyricists copyright enforcement models court records economic models events fair use systems in copyright filmmakers firm-events first performances judicial opinion publications per country per year publicly traded firms songs takedown requests user-generated music video parodies videos year years

; 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2015 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1 year 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 1667 1741-1860 1762-2007 1770-1900 1790-1920 1832-1858 1853 to 1996 1870-2006 1890 and 1964 1910 to 1960 1913-32 1914-1947 1922-1941 1930-2009 1950-2000 1956-59 and from 1963-66 1960-2010 1960-2014 1968-1972 1973 to 2003 1974-81 and 1983-86 1975 to 2000 1975 to 2007 1976-2010 1977 to 1984 1978 to 2005 1978-2011 1981 to 2001 1982-1999 1982-2003 1984 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2013 1984-2011 1985 to 2005 1985 to 2009 1985-1999 1986-1988 1986-2005 1988 1988 to 2005 1989 to 2005 1989-1994 1989-2004 1989-2008 1989-2014 1990 to 2011 1990-1999 1990-2000 1990-2010 1991 - to 2007 1991-2002 1991-2006 1992-2012 1992-2014 1993-2004 1994 1994 to 2006 1994-1997 1994-2014 1995-1999 1996 1996-2000 1996-2007 1997 to 2000 1997-2008 1998 1998 - 2003 1998 to 2013 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2004 1998-2009 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2000 1999-2001 1999-2005 2 Months 2000 2000 to 2005 2000-2005 2000-2012 2001 2001 to 2003 2001 to 2004 2001-2004 2002 2002 to 2004 2002 to 2008 2002-2006 2002-2007 2002-2014 2003 2003-2004 2003-2005 2003-2007 2003-2009 2003-2012 2003-2013 2004 2004 - 2005 2004 to 2005 2004 to 2011 2004-2005 2005 2005 to 2006 2005 to 2008 2005-2007 2005-2010 2006 2006 to 2011 2006-2009 2006-2010 2006-2013 2007 2007 - 2009 2007 to 2008 2007 to 2009 2007-2008 2007-2009 2007-2012 2008 2008 to 2009 2008 to 2014 2008-013 2008-2009 2008-2011 2009 2009 to 2011 2009 to 2012 2009-2011 2009-2014 2010 2010-2011 2010-2013 2011 2011 to 2012 2011 to 2015 2011-2012 2011-2014 2012 2012 - 2020 2012 to 2013 2012-2013 2013 2014 2014-2015 2014-2016 2015 2016 2017-2019 2019 2021 27 April 2020 31 December 2012 April 2006 April 2007 April 2010 - September 2011 December 2010 February to October 2006 Interviews lasted between 10 and 50 minutes and were conducted with 4 female and 7 male content creators of online commics. The Interviews were conducted on a convention of comic creators (Thought Bubble) in 2013. January - April 2014 January 1987-August 1992 January 2009 January 2012 - April 2012 January 2014 - December 2018 January-February 2009 June 2009 March 2010 May 19 - May 26 2011 May 2020 – June 2020 Mid-1980s Non stated Non-stated None stated Not Stated Not stated Not-stated November to December 2006 October 2009 October 2014 - September 2015 October 2017 Prior to 2005 Prior to 2012 Prior to December 2007 Prior to September 2009 Publications of NYT bestselling authors who died between 1973-1999 Reviewed by the New York Times Book Review (NYTBR) from 1978-84 September 20 - October 2, 2011 September to November 2009 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 The empirical dataset consists of 446 federal copyright publication opinions decided before 2011. Unknown Usage of the Universities learn-management-system in 2012. january 2008 not stated

Advertising (5) · Architectural (4) · Computer consultancy (5) · Computer programming (16) · Creative, arts and entertainment (134) · Cultural education (50) · Film and motion pictures (139) · Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities (42) · PR and communication (6) · Photographic activities (34) · Programming and broadcasting (28) · Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing (143) · Software publishing (120) · Sound recording and music publishing (204) · Specialised design (12) · Television programmes (78) · Translation and interpretation (4) · Video game publishing (7)