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Chandra, U. Chang, B. H. Charles River Associates Charness, G. Cheliotis , G Chen, S. Chen, Y-N. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. C. Cheng, H. K. Chin, W. W. Chiu, H. C. Choi, J. P. Claussen, J. Clement, M. Cohen, W. M. Collopy, D. Condry, I. Cooper, E. Corbett, S. Cotropia, C. A. Cox, A. Cox, K. Cronan, T. P. Cuadrado-García, M. Cunningham, B. Cuntz, A Cuntz, A. DCMS Danaher, B. Dang Nguyen, G. Darmon, E. Dato-On, M. C. David, P. A. De Beer, J De Kaminski, M. De Nijs, R. De Rosnay, M. D. Deazley, R. Deegan, M. Dejean, S. Depken, C. A. Depoorter, B. Derclaye, E. Dhanasobhon, S. DiCola, P. C. Dickson, M. Dimita, G. Dootson, P. DotEcon Dryden, J. Drye, T. Duan, W. Durham, Y. EY Ekiz, O. Elkin-Koren, N. Envisional Erickson, K. European Commission European Union Intellectual Property Office Faklaris, C. Fam, C. K. Fan, Y. Favale, M. Fesuton, J. Fetscherin, M. Fiesler, C. Fine, A. Fisman, R. Fitzgerald, B. Flaherty, R. Fleming, P. Flynn, J. Foley, C. F. Ford, G. S. Franklin, M. Frenz, M. Fromer, J. C. 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Intellectual Property Office Ishida, C. Jacobs, R. S. Jacques, S. Jang, J. Jaszi, P. Javorcik, B. S. Jenner, P. Jeong, G. Johnscher, P. Johnson, E. E. Johnson, P. Johnson, W. R. Jones E. Jäger, P. Kannan, K. Kantar Karaganis, J. Karakaya, M. Kariithi, N. K. Katzenbach, C. Kelly, E. J. Kennedy, J. Kenyon, A. Khalid, A. M. Khalifa, M. Khan, B. Z. Khang, H. Khemka, R. Kheria, S. Ki, E. J. Kinnally, W. Klimis, G. M. Koempel, F. Koh, H. C. Korn, N. Korpas, A. L. Koufteros, X. Kretschmer, M. Kretschmer, T. Krug, C. Ku, R. S. R. Kumari, M. Kwan, S. S. K. Lacayo, A. Lahsen, A. A. Lai, J. W. M. Lakhani, K. R. Lampe, C. Landes, W. Langlais, P. C. Larsson, S. Le Guel, F. Lee, E. Lee, H. K. Lee, J. Lefouili, Y. Lemley, M. A. Lertwachara, K. Levin, A. M. Levin, N. Lewis, D. Li, X. Liebowitz, S.J. Liebowitz, S. J. Limayem, M. Lin, A. K. Lindgren, S. Lippman, K. Liu, J. Long, X. Love, B. J. Luo, H. Lynch, R. Lyons, L López-Sintas, J. Ma, L. MacGarvie, M. Machado, F. S. Madnick, S. E. Maffioletti, A. 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(1990) Malossi (2002) Mandel (2006) Manninen (2002) Manovich (2008) Mansfield (1995) Manski (2000) Manta (2012) Margolis (2013) Markusen (2000) Marron and Steel (2000) Marshall (2004) Marshall (2012) Maskus (2000) Masnick (2012) Mateus and Peha (2008) Matthews (2000) McCormick and Summers (1991) McGill (2006) McGowan (2001) McLeod (2005) McLeod and DiCola (2011) Menell (2000) Menski (2006) Merz and Pace (1994) Miceli and Adelstein (2006) Michel (2004) Michel (2005) Miller (2012) Miller and Tucker (2011) Milton (1667) Mizerski, Pucely, Perrewé and Baldwin (1988) Mohler (2000) Montgomery and Robinson (1993) Moores (2008) Moores and Chang (2006) Morris and Higgins (2009) Morrison (2018) Mortenson (2013) Mortimer (2004) Mortimer and Soren (2004) Nagaraj (2013) Nagaraj (2018) Naghavi and Schulze (2001) Nagin (2013) Nelson (1970) Netanel (2011) Newell (2011) Nobre (2016) None Novos and Waldman (1984) Novos and Wladman (1984) OECD (2008) OHIM (2013) OHIM (2013b) Oberholzer-Gee-Strumpf (2007) Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf, 2007 Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf (2005) Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf (2007) Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf (2010) Oberholzer and Strumpf (2004) Oberholzer and Strumpf (2009) Ofcom. (2012) Ofcom Kantar survey Oheler (2004) Oliar, Pattison and Powell (2014) Oliar (2006) Oliar and Matich (2013) Oliar and Matich (2014) Oliver (1997) Oppenheim and Woodward (2004) Ordover and Willig (1978) Osterberg and Osterberg (2012) Owens and Akalu (2004) Pallante (2013) Panas and Ninni (2011) Papacharissi and Rubin (2000) Papadopoulos (2000) Papadopoulos (2003) Paris et al. (1998) Park (2008) Park and Ginarte (1997) Parker (1992) Parker et al. (2019) Parry (1998) Passman (2012) Patry (1995) Peitz and Waelbroeck (2003) Peitz and Waelbroeck (2004) Peitz and Waelbroeck (2004b) Peitz and Waelbroeck (2006) Peitz and Waelbroeck (2006a) Pennington (2006) Pessach (2007) Peters (2007) Petrin (2002) Pfanner (2010) Pietz and Waelbroeck (2004) Pietz and Waelbroeck (2006) Pietz and Waelbroeck (2013) Piquero (2005) Plant (1934) Png (2006) Png and Wang (2006) Pollock & Williams (2008) Pollock (2006) Pollock (2007) Pollock and Stepan (2010) Pollock et al. (2010) Polonsky (2012) Poor (2012) Porter (2008) Posner (2000) Postigo (2008) Prag and Cassavant (1994) Prendergast and Phau (2002) PricewaterhouseCoopers (2015) Priest and Klien (1984) Prosser (2003) Putnam (1994) Quilter and Heins (2007) Rachlinski and Jourden (1998) Radas and Shugan (1998) Raman et al. (2018) Ranganathan et al (2003) Rapp and Rozek (1990) Rappaport (1998) Raustiala and Sprigman (2006) Raustiala and Sprigman (2013) Rawlinson and Lupton (2007) Rawls (2001) Rawsthorn (1997) Raymond (1999) Reese (2008) Reichmann and Okediji (2012) Reidenberg, Breaux, Cranor et al. (2015) Ren (2013) Resinger (2012) Richards (2002) Ricketson (2000) Roach and Cohen (2012) Rob and Waldfogel (2004) Rob and Waldfogel (2005) Rob and Waldfogel (2006) Rob and Waldfogel (2007) Robbins and Moylan (2007) Robertson et al (2012) Rochelandet (2005) Rodriguez (2006) Rogers, Tomalin and Corrigan (2009) Rogers (2001) Rogers (2019) Rogers and Szamosszegi (2010) Rojek (2005) Rose(1993) Rose (1988) Rose (2011) Rosenblatt (2004) Rossi (2003) Roth (2004) Rushing and Brown (1990) Rushton (1998) Ryan (1998) Sag (2012) Sag (2015) Sag (2016) Sag (2019) Salganik, Dodds and Watts (2006) Samuelson, Hill and Wheatland (2013) Samuelson (1994) Sarikakis and Rodriguez-Amat (2014) Sarouis et al. (2002) Saunders (1992) Sawhney and Eliashberg (1996) Scerri (2007) Scherer, 2004 Schesinger et al (2015) Schiller (1791) Schiller (1995) Schmiele (2013) Schoder and Fischbach (2003) Schofield and Urban (2015) Schumpeter (1934) Scotchmer (1991) Secker and Morrison (2017) Seng (2013) Seng (2014) Seng (2015) Shah (2006) Shah and Tripsas (2007) Shapiro and Varian (1999) Shin, Gopal, Sanders and Whinston (2004) Shin (2004) Shoemaker and Vos (2009) Shore et al (2001) Siegfried (2004) Simpson, Banerjee, and Simpson (1994) Simpson, Banerjee and Simpson (1994) Sims, Cheng and Teegen (1996) Sinai and Waldfogel (2004) Singh and Kretschmer (2012) Sinha and Mandel (2008) Siponen and Vartiainen (2004) Sissons and Spencer (2012) Sitts (2000) Sivan et al. (2019) Siwek, Stephen and Harold Furchgott-Roth (1991) Siwek (2002) Siwek (2004) Siwek (2007) Siwek (2013) Smit and Van Der Graaf (2012) Smith, Telang, and Zhang (2012) Smith (1998) Smith and Telang (2009) Smith and Telang (2012) Smith et al. (2000) Soboleva (2003) Sohn (2006) Solomon and Bjork (2012) Soloveichik (2013) Soloveichik (2014) Sowell (1992) St Clair (2004) Stanford University Libraries (2007) Stiglitz (1989) Stiles (2014) Stobo, Deazley and Anderson (2013) Stokey (1989) Strategic Content Alliance (2009) Sultan et al. (1990) Sumartojo (2009) Sundarajan (2004) Sundarajan (2016) Sundararajan (2004) Swan (2010) Sweet (2010) Swinyard, Rinne and Kau (1990) Sykes and Matza (1957) Tadelis and Zettelmeyer (2015) Takeyama (1994) Takeyama (1997) Tanner and Deegan (2002) Taylor, Demont-Heinrich, Broadfoot, Dodge and Jian (2002) Taylor, Ishida and Wallace (2009) Taylor (2002) Taylor (2007) Taylor and Towse (1998) Teece (1986) Terranova (2002) Terras (2015) Thaler (1985) Thomas, Harden and Newman (2012) Thomas and Szamosszegi (2011) Thomes (2011) Thompson (2005) Thong and Yap (1998) Thorpe (2004) Throsby (1982) Throsby (1983) Throsby (1992) Throsby (1994) Throsby and Hollister (2003) Throsby and Miller (1989) Throsby and Thompson (1994) Tittle and Botchkovar (2005) Tor and Oliar (2002) Towse, Handke, and Stepan (2008) Towse, Handke and Stepan (2008) Towse (1999) Towse (2000) Towse (2006) Towse (2010) Towse (2017) Towse (2019) Towse (2020) Towse 1996 Tsai, Cranor, Egelman and Acquisti (2010) Tsai (2012) Tyler (2006) Ulllman (2017) Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2016) Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017a) Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017b) Urban and Heins (2007) Urban and Quilter (2006) Urban et al. (1998) Vaidhyanathan (2001) Van Gompel (2007) Van Hoecke (2015) Varian (2000) Varian (2004) Varian (2005) Velde (2015) Vetulani-Cęgiel (2015) Vetulani (2008) Vigon (2015) Vogel (2001) Vogel (2007) Vuopala (2010) WIPO (2003) WIPO (2015) Wade (1995) Wagner and Sander (2001) Wagner and Sanders (2001) Waldfogel, 2011 Waldfogel (2010) Waldfogel (2012) Waldfogel (2014) Waldfogel (2017a) Wallace et al (1993) Walls (2008) Walterscheid (2000) Wasko (2001) Wasko and Faraj (2006) Wassall and Alper (1984) Waterman (2005) Waters (2003) Watt (2000) Watt (2010) Weaver (2007) White (2007) White and Manton (2011) Wilkinson-Ryan and Baron (2009) Wilkof (2007) Willinsky (2006) Winer (1986) Winsbury (2006) Winter, Stylianou and Giancalone (2004) Wirtzburg (2017) Wogalter and Silver (1995) Wogalter et al. (2006) Woodmansee (1992) World Bank (2008) World Bank (2015a) World Bank (2015b) World Intellectual Property Organization (2015) Wotherspoon (2003) Wu (2008) Yang and Chyi (2011) Yar (2008) Yen (2000) Yen (2003) Yoon (2001) Yoon (2002) Yoon (2007) Zagorsky (1990) Zentner (2003) Zentner (2004) Zentner (2005) Zentner (2006) Zentner (2007) Zentner (2009) Zetner (2006) Zhang (2012) Zhang et al (2017) Zhu (2007) Zimmerman (2007) Zimmerman (2011)

; A10: General A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values A14: Sociology of Economics A1: General Economics A21: Pre-college A22: Undergraduate A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics A32: Collective Volumes A33: Handbooks A: General Economics and Teaching B41: Economic Methodology B4: Economic Methodology C01: Econometrics C02: Mathematical Methods C0: General C12: Hypothesis Testing: General C13: Estimation: General C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General C20: General C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables C50: General C5: Econometric Modeling C63: Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling C81: Methodology for Collecting; Estimating; and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods C88: Other Computer Software C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs C91: Laboratory; Individual Behavior C92: Laboratory; Group Behavior C9: Design of Experiments C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles D02: Institutions: Design; Formation; and Operations D03: Behavioral Microeconomics • Underlying Principles D10: General D11: Consumer Economics: Theory D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights D2: Production and Organizations D42: Monopoly D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D4: Market Structure and Pricing D51: Exchange and Production Economies D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief D8: Information; Knowledge; and Uncertainty D: Microeconomics E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital E2: Consumption; Saving; Production; Investment; Labor Markets; and Informal Economy E3: Prices; Business Fluctuations; and Cycles F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions F1: Trade F23: Multinational Firms • International Business F2: International Factor Movements and International Business F60: General F62: Macroeconomic Impacts F63: Economic Development G18: Government Policy and Regulation G38: Government Policy and Regulation H0: General H41: Public Goods H4: Publicly Provided Goods H52: Government Expenditures and Education H: Public Economics I21: Analysis of Education I23: Higher Education • Research Institutions I31: General Welfare; Well-Being J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply J30: General J3: Wages; Compensation; and Labor Costs J40: General K00: General K0: General K10: General K11: Property Law K12: Contract Law K14: Criminal Law K19: Other K1: Basic Areas of Law K20: General K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K2: Regulation and Business Law K30: General K33: International Law K39: Other K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law K40: General K41: Litigation Process K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K4: Legal Procedure; the Legal System; and Illegal Behavior K: Law and Economics L00: General L0: General L10: General L11: Production; Pricing; and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms L12: Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L14: Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices L17: Open Source Products and Markets L1: Market Structure; Firm Strategy; and Market Performance L21: Business Objectives of the Firm L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing L29: Other L2: Firm Objectives; Organization; and Behavior L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L51: Economics of Regulation L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy L80: General L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce L82: Entertainment • Media L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software L88: Government Policy L8: Industry Studies: Services L: Industrial Organization M2: Business Economics M31: Marketing M37: Advertising M38: Government Policy and Regulation M3: Marketing and Advertising M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects M59: Other M5: Personnel Economics N36: Latin America • Caribbean N3: Labor and Consumers; Demography; Education; Health; Welfare; Income; Wealth; Religion; and Philanthropy O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements O30: General O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital O38: Government Policy O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights O57: Comparative Studies of Countries O: Economic Development; Technological Change; and Growth P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies Y10: Data: Tables and Charts Y1: Data: Tables and Charts Y80: Related Disciplines Z10: General Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature Z12: Religion Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Social and Economic Stratification Z18: Public Policy Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology

Primary and Secondary data (96) · Primary data (168) · Secondary data (122)

; 1944-2012 2007 Economic Census ALCS survey 2007 ALCS survey 2015 AfDB (2012) Alliance for IP Amazon Amazon.com Anti-Copying in Design Anti-Counterfeiting Group Arbitron Arthur, W.B. (1994) Artists’ Collecting Society Artnet Asia Pulse, 19 December 2000 Athey & Mobius (2012) Australia Bureau of Statistics Australia Council study of practising professional artists (2003) Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) Australian Bureau of Statistics Census 2001, 2006 Australian Economic Indicators (2008) Australian Law Reform Commission (2013) Australian Society of Authors Austrian composers report (1993) BGLM BPI BV Musikindustrie BV Phono BiB TV Programming Source Book BigChampagne Big Innovation Centre Billboard-Blogs Billboard Chart Bing transparency report Blog posts Book Republican Program Books in Print Booksinprint.com Bowker Boxofficemojo.com British Copyright Council British Library British Music Rights British Phonographic Industry British Screen Advisory Council Bundesverband der Phonographischen Wirtschaft Bureau of Economic Analysis Survey Bureau of Labor Statistics Business Software Alliance Business Software Alliance (2010) CDBaby CJA CJEU website CLA datasets CNC COMPUSTAT CPA (2002) CRS CcMixter Center for Research in Security Prices Chilling Effects (Lumen) Chilling Effects repository Chiou & Tucker (2011) CitiGroup Clarivate Web of Science ComScore Communication and Mass Media Compiled from 2003, 2002 and 2001 IIPA ‘Special 301’ Reports, People’s Republic of China (pp. 19, 32 and 26, respectively) Consumer Expenditure Survey Copyright Levies Reform Alliance Copyright Licensing Agency Copyright Office Copyright Office Electronic Catalog Copyright renewal records Creative & Cultural Skills UK Crown Prosecution Service Current Population Survey DACS study 2011 DG Trade: Market Access Database DMCA Daniel, E. and Klimis, G.M. (1999) Data.gov.uk Dictionary of Literary Biography (Gale Research) Digital Citizen Project Digital Music News Digital Music Times Discogs Discogs.com Dolfsma, W. (2000) Dun and Bradstreet EBRD Foreign Investment Survey ECJ EITO EMusic EconLit Economist Intelligence Unit Erickson, Kretschmer and Mendis (2013) European Audivisual Observatory European Commission European Commission Impact Assessment on the Modernisation of EU Copyright Rules European Parliament Committees European Social Survey European Value Surveys (EVS) Eurostat Eurostat Labour Force Survey Eurostat Structural Business Survey Existing academic literature Federal Communication Commission Federal Judicial Center Federation Against Copyright Theft Federation Against Software Theft Film Index International Finnish music business study (2003) Fortune Global 500 Fraser Institute Freedom House GMID German Tax Data Gigaom Analysis (2014) Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Global Market Information Database Google Google Scholar Google Transparent Report Google Trends Google transparency report Hargreaves 2011 Heritage Foundation Huang et al. (2013) IFPI IFPI (2011) IFPI (2013) IFPI World Reports 2002-2004 (Music sales, Broadband, CD-R, DVD, DMP) IMDb IMDbPro IPRC ISPOS-REID (Downloads) ITunes Industry InfoUSA Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (US IPUMS) International Federation of the Phonographic Industry International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 2000 International Financial Statistics Yearbook International Game Developers Association International Planning Research Corporation International Planning and Research Corporation 2000 International Telecommunication Union International Video Federation Internet Center for Corruption Research Justwatch.com KEA (2012) Kinomatics project Künstlersozialkasse insurance data Latinobarometer Lee & Chyi (2015) LexisNexis Library of Congress Lippman (2013) Literature review Lumen Lunney (2014) Luxembourg Income Study MCC Report Major Record Company Sales Data Market Analysis Information Database McGill (2006) Menéame Boycott (2014) Miller, P (2012) Thinking about Open Data, With a Little Help from the Data Hub. Cloud of Data Mininova Ministry of Justice Moody's Motion Picture Association Movie2k.to MusicBrainz Musicbrainz Musicians and the Internet (2004) Musikindustrie Muso Médiamétrie NACE classification NESTA NPD Group Natioanal Statistics Offices National Music Publishers Association National Union Catalog National studies Neilson Newspaper Licensing Association Newspaper articles Nielsen Clickstream Data Nielsen Media Research Nielsen SoundScan Nielsen’s Bookscan data Nokia OECD (GDP) OECD Reports OFCOM OFCOM statistics ORBIS OTA (1986) Office for National Statistics Officialcharts.com Open Data Institute Open Rights Group Operabase OverDrive Overdrive PEW PRODCOM PRS for Music Pew Internet Project Pew Study of American Artists Phonographic Performance Limited Phonolog data base Piracy map compiled from IIPA 2001 ‘Special 301’ Report: Malaysia Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit Policy Reports Pollstar Pre-existing Academic Research PsychInfo Publishers Association Publishers Weekly Publishersweekly Quantitative-empirical literature based on economic theory Quora RIAA RIAJ Recording Industry Association of America Recording Industry Association of America website Rentrak Rentrak Corporation Research Insight Reuters Review of Existing Academic and Industries Literature SABIP SHERPA institutional repository list Sag (2015) Sci-Hub ScreenDaily.com SimilarWeb Singapore Department of Statistics Singapore Economic Development Board Society of Authors Softletter Software and Information Industry Association Sony SoundScan Statistisches Bundesamt Stichting de Thuiskopie Strategic National Arts Alumni Project (SNAAP) Study of self-employed German authors and artists (2006) Submission of evidence by interested parties SurveyMonkey Swiss National Library Tax Foundation The American Association of Publishers (AAP) survey The Directory of Open Access Repositories The International Federation of The Phonographic Industry The International Publishers Association The Service Annual Survey from the Census Bureau The United States Supreme Court Judicial Database The World Economic Foum's Global Competitive Index The periodic Census of Manufactures survey Thomson One Banker Database Thomson Reuter's Web of Science (WoS) Ticknor and Fields Publishing Tmdb Trading Standards TuneCore Twitter Twitter transparency report U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Copyright Registrations U.S. Department of Labor UK IPO UK Intellectual Property Office UK Interactive Entertainment UK Music UNDP World Income Inequality Database UNESCO UNESCO Statistical Yearbook UN Commodity Trade Statistics USCO (2014-2018) annual reports USPTO US Copyright Office US Copyright Records US Federal Court Decisions US International Trade Commission United States Federal Courts United States Patent and Trademark Office United States Patent and Trademark Office website University of Hertfordshire Various Various Historical Opera Annals Various ananymous retailers' websites Various music magazines and websites Vcdquality.com Viacom Vimeo transparency report Vivendi WAN-IFRA Database WIPO WIPO (1989) WIPO (2008) WIPO (2014) WIPO Lex WTO Ward's Westlaw Wikimedia Commons WinMX Wired Magazine World Bank World Bank's World Development Indicators World Development Indicators CD-ROM World Economic Outlook, IMF World Governance Indicator Project World Income Inequality Database World Telecommunication/Information and Communication Technologies Indicators World Values Survey Worldscope XBox.com YOUNISON Yahoo movies Yang & Chyi (2011) Yellow Pages Yo Yo Games Store YouTube ‘2000 Global Software Piracy Report’, conducted by International Planning and Research Corporation (IPR) for the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA).

Archival Research · Case Study · Document Research · Ethnography · Experimental (Field) · Experimental (Laboratory) · Experimental (Natural) · Focus Groups · Historical Methods · Life History · Longitudinal Study · Participant Observation · Qualitative Collection Methods · Qualitative content/text mining · Quantitative Collection Methods · Quantitative data/text mining · Semi-Structured Interview · Snowball sampling · Structured Interview · Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences) · Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting) · Unstructured Interview · Web analytic (online user trace data) · Other · None

Cluster analysis (16) · Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (6) · Correlation and Association (65) · Decision Tree Method (1) · Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation) (150) · Discourse Analysis (15) · Ethnographic/narrative analysis (10) · Factor Analysis (6) · Grounded Theory (5) · Legal Analysis (43) · Meta-Analysis (3) · Multivariate Statistics (52) · Qualitative Analysis Methods (118) · Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) (38) · Quantitative Analysis Methods (252) · Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining) (99) · Regression Analysis (99) · Social Network Analysis (5) · Structural Equation Modeling (30) · Textual Content Analysis (50) · Visual / Other Content Analysis (5)

; Africa Arabic countries Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic England Estonia Europe European Union Finland France Germany Global Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Multiple New Zealand Nigeria Norway OECD Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Netherlands Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Unknown Venezuela Zimbabwe

No (279) · Yes (114)

No (309) · Yes (84)

No (352) · Yes (30)

No (329) · Yes (53)

; * Random Sample of Feasibility: 1999 to 2001 * The Posner Memorial Collection 2001 to 2004 * The Million Book Project 2003 to 2005 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2008 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2017 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2017 1 October 1999 - 15 February 2000. 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1-29 August 2003 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 14 April 2018 15 May 2018 15 November - 4 December 2017 17 July 2017 1790 - 1840 1890 - 1964 1895 - 1940 1910 - 2000 1910 to 1960 1913 to 1932 1919 - 1926 1920 - 1970 1922-1941 1929 - 2010 1929-2010 1930 - 1960 1965-1988 1968-1972 1975–2000 1977 to 1984 1977-1978 1978 - 15 January 2018 1978 to 2005 1978-2000 1978-2012 1982 - 1999 1984 - 2013 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2006 1985-2005 1989 1989 to 2005 1989 to 2008 1989-1994 199-2000 1990-1999 1990-2000 1990-2004 1991 to 2007 1991-2002 1992-2014 1993-2004 1994 1994 - 2016 1994,1997,2000 1994-1997 1994-1998 1994-1999 1994-2014 1995-1999 1996-1998 1996-2000 1996-2001 1996-2002 1996-2005 1996-2006 1996-2008 1997 1997 to 2000 1997-1998 1997-2008 1998 1998 to 2012 1998-1999 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2009 1998-2015 1998-2018 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2000 1999-2006 1999-2010 1999-2017 2 April 1923 - 14 September 2011 2000,2005, and 2013 2000-2001 2000-2005 2000-2006 2000-2012 2001 2001 to 2003 2001-2002 2001-2006 2001-2011 2002 2002 - 2004 2002 - 2014 2002 to 2007 2002 to 2008 2002-2003 2002-2005 2002-2007 2003 2003-2004 2003-2007 2003-2012 2003-2013 2004 2004 Fall 2004 to 2005 2004 to 2011 2004 to 2014 2004-2005 2005 2005 to 2006 2005 to 2008 2005-2007 2006 2006 to 2010 2006 to 2011 2006-2009 2006-2013 2006-2015 2007 2007 to 2008 2007 to 2009 2007-2008 2007-2009 2007-2011 2007-2012 2008 2008 to 2009 2008 to 2014 2008-2011 2009 2009 - 2012 2009-2010 2009-2011 2010 2010-2011 2010-2011 Pre-2011 2010-2013 2011 2011 - 2015 2011 September and October. 2011 to 2012 2011-2012 2011-2014 2011-2015 2012 2012 to 2013 2012 – 2013 2012-2013 2012-2016 2013 2013-2014 2014 2014-2015 2014-2016 2015 2015-2016 2015-2019 2016 2016 - 2017 2016-2017 2017 2017 – 2018 2017-2018 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 2021 A semester in 2013 April - October 2006 April 2004 - July 2004 April 2007 April 2016 Between May and July 2014. Data was collected over two weeks in 2012. December 2003-January 2004 December 2016 February 2018 February to October 2006 From 1 April 2014 to 30 April 2014 From 2 April 2013 to 29 April 2013 January 1992 – June 2012 January 1993- August 1995 January 2000 - December 2001 January 2001 - March 2014 January 2009, June 2009, March 2010 and December 2010. January 2012 January 2017 January 2022 to May 2022 July 2003 to July 2006 July 2006 July 2012 June - October 2014 June 2000 June 2008 May - October 2013 May 2004-June 2004 May 2007 Mid-1980s No data Non stated Not Specified Not Stated Not specified Not stated Not stated. Not stated. The study focuses, with a few exceptions, on the literature of the last decade. Nov 2003 to May 2004 November 2009 November to December 2006 Pre 1990 Pre-2006 Prior to 2007 Sep 2003 to Jan 2004 September 2002 - March 2003 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 Spring 2013 The survey response period ran from January 2015 to August 2015. Follow-up and reminder correspondence was sent electronically to this same law journal sample in March 2015 and August 2015. Unstated. Until 2012 Various late 2003 and early 2004.

; ARC via projects LP160100387, FT170100011 and DE170100037 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Amedeo Piolatto acknowledges financial support from IVIE, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant ECO2009-12680), the Barcelona GS Research Network and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant 2009 SGR 102). Arts and Humanities Research Council Auckland Council Libraries Australia Council for the Arts Australian Copyright Council Australian Research Council projects LP160100387, FT170100011 and DE170100037 Australian Research Council via projects LP160100387, FT170100011 and DE170100037 Authors’ Licensing & Collecting Society (ALCS) Batten Institute Boston Consulting Group Bowdoin College Brisbane City Council Libraries Bruce Miller CREATe CREATe, AHRC Grant Number AH/K000179/1 Centel Foundation/Robert P. Reuss Faculty Research Fund Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS) Center for Global Partnership Center for the Analysis of Property Rights and Innovation (CAPRI) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Centre for Copyright and New Business Model in the Creative Economy (CREATe) City University of Hong Kong Coke-Cola Center for Marketing Studies at the University of Georgia Comissioned for and sponsored by the National Recording Preservation Board, Library of Congress Commonwealth of Australia Congressional Research Service Department of International Trade, Chungnam National University Digital Citizenship Project at Illinois State University. Directorate General Communication Networks, Content and Technology Dutch Ministries of Education, Culture and Science, Economic Affairs and Justice. Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (grant RES-173-27-0220) European Commision European Commission European Grouping of Societies of Authors and Composers European Parliament GE Endowed Professor Fund Gallup George F. Baker Foundation German Institute for Economic Research Gold Coast Libraries Google Google Inc. Gregory Terrill Cox Fellowship Groupement Européen des Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs H2020 reCreating Europe HM Government HM Treasury Hadopi Hampshire Library Service Hellen Posner Henry Posner jr. Hong Kong Polytechnic University House of Commons I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee INet’s Grant for Copyright and Creativity IPO Industry Canada Information and Operations Management Department, Mays Business School, Texas A & M University Intellectual Property Office International Intellectual Property Alliance Israeli Internet Association JISC John D. Evans Foundation John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics at Stanford Law Kauffman Foundation Kenan Faculty Fund MIUR Research Grant on "The Governance of Intellectual Property" Mack Center Marketing Science Institute (MSI, Grant No. 4-1228) Microsoft Research Million Book Project Monash University Motion Picture Association of America NASA, the OECD, the MIT Center for Coordination Science, the Center for eBusiness@MIT under a grant from Fleet Bank, and the Stanford Computer Industry Project NBC Universal NBER Program on the Economics of Copyright and Digitization NSF CAREER grant no. 1151180 Nanyang Technological University: Research grant RCC1/2003/SHSS-M52109001 National Science Council, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, under Grant Number NSC 93-2416-H-031-002 National Science Council, Taiwan National Science Foundation National Science Foundation (NSF) through the CAREER Award CNS-0546009. National Science Foundation CAREER grant 1151180 National University of Singapore through the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 National and State Libraries Australia Naval Academy Research Council Grant None None stated Not Specified Not Stated Not stated OHIM Office of the United States Trade Representative Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation Prepared at the request of Canadian Heritage/Canadian Government RCUK RCUK Funded Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy (CREATe) RCUK/CREATe Research Councils UK Research Innovation Grant Robert William University Research Foundation Shenkman Family Endowed Chair fund Sloan Foundation St Mary’s County Library Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Stanford's Second Year Graduate Research Program The American Council on Consumer Interests The Finnish Academy The Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 1820/17) The Leverhulme Trust The National Academies of the Sciences The Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and the European Patent Office The Office for Harmonization in the Internal market The Sloan Foundation The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for the doctoral fellowship and the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries for the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship that covered the costs of data collection. The Spanish Association of Publishers of Periodical Publications (Asociación Española de Editoriales de Publicaciones Periódicas) The author gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the New Zealand Law Foundation for this research project. The authors acknowledge the George Mason University’s Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property and its Leonardo da Vinci Research The second author has benefited from the visit to the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University, whose generous provision of research opportunity is gratefully acknowledged The study was funded by the UK Authors’ Licensing & Collecting Society (ALCS) This Report was prepared for APRA AMCOS, PPCA, Copyright Agency│Viscopy, Foxtel, News Corp Australia and Screenrights. This research is an ESRC, AHRC and IPO funded research project in the form of a placement fellowship. The fellowship places the researcher (Dr. Searle) in the Economics, Research and Evidence Team at IPO offices in London. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number RES-173- 27-0219). It occurred in conjunction with the Scottish Funding Council funded Moving Targets project. This research was funded by Grant Number ECO2008-0410/ECON of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER, and by the Centre for Research and Studies in Humanities of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. This research was funded in part by a PSCCUNY grant #67792-00-36 and a Doctoral Student Research Grant from the CUNY Graduate Center. This research was part of the multicountry research project 'Towards a Detente in Media Piracy' undertaken by the Association for Progressive Communications (ACP) and supported bu the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York This work was partially supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262762, and through the research project MASHED, project number 249817 Treibick Electronic Commerce Initiative UCLA School of Law UK Economic and Social Research Council UK Music University of East Anglia University of Houston Law Center’s Institute for Intellectual Property & Information Law’s 2012-2013 Sponsored Scholarship Grant for the Legal Academy University of Virginia Darden School of Business Vancouver Public Library WHO WIPO We 
thank 
the
 National
 Human 
Genome 
Research
 Initiative 
for 
a 
generous 
grant 
supporting 
this
 work Wikipedia Free Knowledge Advocacy Group World Intellectual Property Organization Yarra Plenty Regional Library Yarra Plenty Regional Library,Gold Coast Libraries the Australian Library and Information Association the Sloan Foundation the state libraries of Western Australia South Australia and New South Wales the state libraries of Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales ∗Support for this research by NBER’s Economics of Digitization and Copyright Initiative is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (222) · 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? (80) · 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) (37) · 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) (141) · 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media) (208)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) (105) · B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) (68) · C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) (32) · D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) (147) · E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) (56) · F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness) (207)

0 - 10 (58) · 10 - 60 (79) · 60 - 200 (70) · 200 - 600 (79) · 600 - 2,000 (54) · 2,000 - 300,000,000 (81)

; Academic article Advertisements Album American College Students Art Market Professionals Articles Artist Artists Australian copyright industries Authorities Authors Average individual income level Blog posts Book prices Book title price Books CD title price Case Studies Case Study Case study Cases Chinese University Students City Collecting Societies College students Company Concerts Consumer Unit Copyright Law Suits Copyright cases filed in US District Courts Copyright enforcement models Copyright enforcement systems Copyright holder Copyright registrations Copyright systems Country Court cases Creative industries Creators Cultural Heritage Institutions Cultural Institution Staff Cultural Institutions Cultural heritage institutions Cultural heritage objects Digital Sales in 6 European Music Markets Digitised Book Collections Documents Domains Economic indicators Economic model Economic theory-based academic papers related to copyright Enforcement of copyright models Federal Judgement Opinions Files Film Firm Firms Focus Groups Focus group Focus of the study is the domestic market for recorded music in the USA. Forum posts High school students Hour Hour of audio Hour of video Household Households IP Professionals IPR-intensive industries Individual Individual Copyright Offences Individual Responses Individual Staff Individual Star Individual data Individuals Industry Instructors International Recording Industry Internet user Interview Interviewed author Journalists Journals Kickstarter projects Law journals Links Literary authors Market Microsoft users Models for database creation Models of copying Monthly data shipment units Movies Multinational music firms Museum Music albums Music copyright works Music critics' rankings Music sales data Music services Music streaming services Musical compositions National archive National library News Websites News articles Observations Online surveyed author Open Source Software Open and closed development models Organisations Organizations Out-of-print books P2P communication events P2P users Pages of Discussion Performances Piracy data Price observations Price units Profit margin units Projects Publications Publishers Questionnaire Recording Artists Rental Priced Research models Respondent Responses to Call for Evidence Responses to Calls for Evidence Responses to calls for evidence School curriculum Socio-economic variables Software Users Song Songs Sound recordings Stakeholders Students Students or employees of three universities in Singapore Studies Survey source Systems of fair use in copyright TV Episodes Takedown Notices Takedown Requests Takedown Rquests Takedown complaints Takedown notices Takedown requests Teenagers Threads Total yearly sales of prerecorded music Tweets Two types of costs associated with piracy Types of goods U.S. federal court decisions US Copyright Office Registrations Unit Sales University students User Videos Websites Wikipedia pages Wikipedia webpages Work made for hire cases Workers Yearly unemployment rate Years Years of iTunes selling digital songs and videos Years of sales data applications authors book titles case study composers and lyricists copyright enforcement models court records download requests ebooks economic models events firm-events first performances judicial opinion movie-by-weekend-by-country revenue observations orphan works publications per country per year publicly traded firms songs takedown requests user-generated music video parodies year years

; 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2015 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1 year 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 1770-1900 1790-1920 1832-1858 1870-2006 1890 and 1964 1910 to 1960 1913-1932 1913-32 1914-1947 1919 – 1926 1920 - 1970 1922-1941 1930 – 1960 1930-2009 1950-2000 1956-59 and from 1963-66 1960-2010 1960-2017 1965-1988 1968-1972 1973 to 2003 1974-81 and 1983-86 1975 to 2000 1977 to 1984 1977-1978 1978 to 2005 1981 to 2001 1982-1999 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2013 1984-2011 1985 to 2005 1985-1999 1986-1988 1986-2005 1988 1989 to 2005 1989-1994 1989-2008 1989-2014 1990 to 2011 1990-1999 1990-2000 1991 - to 2007 1991-2002 1991-2006 1992-2012 1992-2014 1993-2004 1994 1994 to 2006 1994, 1997,2000 1994-1997 1994-1999 1994-2014 1995-1999 1995-2005 1996 1996-2000 1996-2001 1996-2007 1996-2008 1997 1997 to 2000 1997-2008 1998 1998 - 2003 1998 to 2013 1998-1999 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2009 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2000 1999-2001 1999-2002 1999-2005 2000 2000 to 2005 2000-2001 2000-2005 2000-2008 2000-2012 2001 2001 to 2003 2001-2004 2001-2006 2001-2008 2001-2012 2001-2014 2002 2002 to 2004 2002 to 2008 2002-2003 2002-2006 2002-2007 2002-2014 2003 2003 to 2004 2003-2004 2003-2004. 2003-2005 2003-2007 2003-2012 2003-2013 2004 2004 Fall 2004 to 2005 2004 to 2011 2004-2005 2005 2005 to 2006 2005 to 2008 2005-2007 2006 2006 to 2011 2006-2009 2006-2013 2007 2007 to 2008 2007 to 2009 2007-2008 2007-2009 2007-2012 2008 2008 to 2009 2008 to 2014 2008-2011 2008-2012 2009 2009 to 2012 2009-2011 2010 2010-2011 2010-2013 2011 2011 September and October. 2011 to 2012 2011 to 2015 2011-12 2011-2012 2011-2014 2012 2012 to 2013 2012 – 2013 2012-2013 2013 2014 2014-2015 2015 2015-2016 2016 2017 – 2018 31 December 2012 April 2007 December 2010 February to October 2006 January - April 2014 January 1987-August 1992 January 1993- August 1995 January 2009 July 2003 to 2006 July 2003 to July 2006 June 2009 June 2014-May 2015 March 2010 Mid-1980s Non stated None Not Stated Not stated Not-stated November to December 2006 Publications of NYT bestselling authors who died between 1973-1999 Reviewed by the New York Times Book Review (NYTBR) from 1978-84 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 The cut-off date for analysis is the end of the 2008 calendar year, although some 2009 data has been included where available and appropriate. The empirical dataset consists of 446 federal copyright publication opinions decided before 2011. Unknown Usage of the Universities learn-management-system in 2012. january 2008

Advertising (4) · Architectural (6) · Computer consultancy (2) · Computer programming (8) · Creative, arts and entertainment (90) · Cultural education (29) · Film and motion pictures (118) · Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities (24) · Photographic activities (27) · Programming and broadcasting (20) · Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing (115) · Software publishing (105) · Sound recording and music publishing (189) · Specialised design (9) · Television programmes (62) · Translation and interpretation (3) · Video game publishing (4)