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Ekwenchi, O. Elkin-Koren, N. Engstrom, E. Envisional Erickson, K. Esichaikul, V. European Commission European Observatory on Counterfeiting and Piracy European Observatory on Infringement of IPRs European Union Intellectual Property Office Ezra, S. D. Fam, C. K. Farn, C. K. Fast, A. A. Favale, M. Feamster, N. Fell, B. D. Fenoff, R. Fetscherin, M. Fiesler, C Fiesler, C. Fietkiewicz, K.J. Filiciak, M. Fine, A. Fleming, P. Ford, G. S. Forman, A. E. Fowers, B. J. Frank N. Magid Associates Freiburger, T. L. Frenz, M. Fromer, J. C. Frye, B. Fryxell, G. Fujii, S. Fukugawa, N. Gallagher, W. T. Galletta, D. F. Gan, L. L. Garcia-Bardidia, R. Garcia-Recuero, A. Garcia-Álvarez, E. Garstka, K. Gasser, U. Gecer, A. K. George, B. Gerhardt, D. GfK NOP Gibson, J. Giletti, T. Gillett, R. Giovanni De Gregorio Girard, Y. Gnanaraj, J. Goel, S. Goles, T. Goode, M. M. Goode, S. Goodyer, I. Goolsbee, A Gopal, R. D. Gordon, W. J. Gould, S. J. Gray, J.E. Gray J.E. Green, J. Green, T. Greenhalgh, C. Grolleau, G. Gunter, W. D. Gupta, I. Gupta, P. B. Gupta, R. Hadopi Haeraats, M. Haigh, M. Hall, B. Hammond, R. Handke, C. Hansen, J. M. Hanway, S. Harbaugh, R. Hashim, M. Haskell, J. Hazucha, B. Heald, P. J. Helberger, N. Helmers, C. Hennig-Thurau, T. Henning, V. Hersh, J. S. Herz, B. Heuvelman, A. Hietanen, H. Higgins, G. E. Hinduja, S. Hirshleifer, J. Hofmokl, J. Hogenbirk, A. Holm, H.J. Holmberg, A. Holt, T. J. Horva, A. Hossain, Z. Houghton, R. J. Hsee, C. K. Hsieh, Y. C. Hsu, J. L. Huang, C. Y. Huang, M. Huang, Y. Hui, K. L. Humphreys, S. Hunt, R. Husted, W. B. Huygen, A. Hviid, M. Hyman, M. R. IHS Technology IP Crime Group Ibosiola, D. Ilevbare, F. M. Iljadica, M. Ingram, J. R. Intellectual Property Office Ishida, C. Jacobs, R. S. Jacques, S. Jambon, M. M. Jang, J. Javed, F. Jayatilaka, B. Jenner, P. Jeong, G. Johnscher, P. Johnson, E. E. Johnson, M. C. Jolls, C. Jones E. João C. Magalhães João P. Quintais Kampan, P. Kannan, K. Kantar Kantar TNS Karaganis, J. Karakaya, M. Kariithi, N. K. Kartas, A. Katz, R. Kauffman, R. J. Kaye, D.B.V Kaye D.B.V. Khalid, A. M. Khalifa, M. Khang, H. Khemka, R. Ki, E. J. Kiljański, K. Kim, J. Kini, R. B. Kinnally, W. Kinukawa, S. Koempel, F. Koh, H. C. Koltay, T. Konstantakis, N. I. Korpas, A. L. Kortelainen, T. Koufteros, X. Kretschmer, M. Kretschmer, T. Krug, C. Kuo, C. C. Kurbanoglu, S. Kwan, S. S. K. Lacayo, A. Lai, J. W. M. Lai, M. Lai, Y. J. Landes, W. Landøy, A. Lange, R. Larose, R. Larsson, S. Lattemann, C. Law, E. L. Le Guel, F. Lee, B. Lee, D. Lee, E. Lee, H. H. Lee, H. K. Lee, J. Leenheer, J. Lefouili, Y. Lemley, M. A. Lertwachara, K. Leung, R. Leung, T. C. Levin, A. M. Levine, D. K. Lewis, D. Liang, C. Y. Liang, J. Liao, C. Libson, A. Lichtman, D. Liebowitz, S. J. Limayem, M. Lin, H. N. Lindgren, S. Lippman, K. Liu, H. Liu, J. Liu, M. Liu, Y. P. Ljungman, D. Loebbecke, C. Love, B. Love, B. J. Lovin, N. Lunney, Jr. G. S. Luo, H. Lyons, L Lysonski, S. López-Sintas, J. Ma, L. MacNeill, K. Machado, F. S. 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; A10: General A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values A14: Sociology of Economics A1: General Economics A20: General A21: Pre-college A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics A32: Collective Volumes A33: Handbooks A: General Economics and Teaching B21: Microeconomics B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925 B41: Economic Methodology B4: Economic Methodology C01: Econometrics C02: Mathematical Methods C0: General C10: General C12: Hypothesis Testing: General C13: Estimation: General C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General C20: General C21: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation C31: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables C50: General C51: Model Construction and Estimation C53: Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods C59: Other C5: Econometric Modeling C80: General C81: Methodology for Collecting; Estimating; and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods C88: Other Computer Software C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs C91: Laboratory; Individual Behavior C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles D02: Institutions: Design; Formation; and Operations D03: Behavioral Microeconomics • Underlying Principles D10: General D11: Consumer Economics: Theory D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights D40: General D42: Monopoly D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D46: Value Theory D47: Market Design D4: Market Structure and Pricing D51: Exchange and Production Economies D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis D62: Externalities D6: Welfare Economics D70: General D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making D82: Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief D: Microeconomics E03: Behavioral Macroeconomics E26: Informal Economy • Underground Economy E2: Consumption; Saving; Production; Investment; Labor Markets; and Informal Economy F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations F62: Macroeconomic Impacts F68: Policy G38: Government Policy and Regulation H0: General H52: Government Expenditures and Education H: Public Economics I21: Analysis of Education J11: Demographic Trends; Macroeconomic Effects; and Forecasts J16: Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply J40: General J: Labor and Demographic Economics K00: General K0: General K10: General K11: Property Law K14: Criminal Law K19: Other K1: Basic Areas of Law K20: General K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K29: Other K2: Regulation and Business Law K33: International Law K39: Other K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law K40: General K41: Litigation Process K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K49: Other K4: Legal Procedure; the Legal System; and Illegal Behavior K: Law and Economics L0: General L10: General L11: Production; Pricing; and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L14: Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility L17: Open Source Products and Markets L1: Market Structure; Firm Strategy; and Market Performance L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing L42: Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L51: Economics of Regulation L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce L82: Entertainment • Media L83: Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software L8: Industry Studies: Services L: Industrial Organization M1: Business Administration M2: Business Economics M31: Marketing M37: Advertising M38: Government Policy and Regulation M3: Marketing and Advertising M48: Government Policy and Regulation M: Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting N6: Manufacturing and Construction N: Economic History O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements O1: Economic Development O21: Planning Models • Planning Policy O30: General O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital O38: Government Policy O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights O57: Comparative Studies of Countries O: Economic Development; Technological Change; and Growth P11: Planning; Coordination; and Reform P14: Property Rights P16: Political Economy P26: Political Economy • Property Rights P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies P46: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare; Income; Wealth; and Poverty P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies Y1: Data: Tables and Charts Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature Z12: Religion Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Social and Economic Stratification Z18: Public Policy Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology

Primary and Secondary data (88) · Primary data (255) · Secondary data (102)

; 3 Major Film Studios AfDB (2012) All Japan Magazine and Book Publisher’s and Editor’s Association Alliance for IP Amazon.com Anti-Copying in Design Anti-Counterfeiting Group Arbitron Artists’ Collecting Society Asia Pulse, 19 December 2000 BGLM BV Musikindustrie BV Phono BigChampagne Big Innovation Centre Billboard-Blogs Billboard Chart Billboard Hot 100 Bing transparency report BitTorrent Blog posts Boxofficemojo.com British Copyright Council British Library British Music Rights British Phonographic Industry British Screen Advisory Council Bundesverband der Phonographischen Wirtschaft Bureau of Labor Statistics Business Software Alliance Business Software Alliance (2010) Business models C80 Cover Song Data CDBaby CJA CJEU website CNC Center for Research in Security Prices Central Intelligence Agency Chilling Effects (Lumen) Chilling Effects repository Clarivate Web of Science ComScore Communication and Mass Media Compiled from 2003, 2002 and 2001 IIPA ‘Special 301’ Reports, People’s Republic of China (pp. 19, 32 and 26, respectively) Consumer Expenditure Survey Copyright Licensing Agency Copyright Office Crown Prosecution Service Current Population Survey DMCA Decima Research survey commissioned by Industry Canada Digital Citizen Project Digital Music News Discogs.com ECJ EDonkey2000 EITO EMusic EconLit Economic theories Economist Intelligence Unit Elsevier Erickson, Kretschmer and Mendis (2013) European Commission Impact Assessment on the Modernisation of EU Copyright Rules Eurostat Exhibitor Relations Co Existing academic literature FICIX FTP FastTrack Federal Communication Commission Federation Against Copyright Theft Federation Against Software Theft Forrester Research Fraser Institute Freedom House German Legal Database "beck-online" Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Global Market Information Database Gnutella Google Google AdWords Google Scholar Google Transparent Report Google Trends Google transparency report HITT Heritage Foundation Hietanen, Huttunen and Kokkinen (2007) Hofstede (1983) Hofstede (1997) Hotline Https://www.court.gov.il/NGCS.Web.Site/HomePage.aspx IFPI IFPI World Reports 2002-2004 (Music sales, Broadband, CD-R, DVD, DMP) IIPA IMDb IPRC ISPOS-REID (Downloads) Indian Music Industry (IMI) InfoUSA Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System IntegrityWatch International Federation of the Phonographic Industry International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 2000 International Financial Statistics Yearbook International Monetary Fund International Planning Research Corporation International Planning and Research Corporation 2000 International Telecommunication Union Internet Archive Wayback Machine Internet Center for Corruption Research Internet RelayChat (IRC) Justwatch.com KaZaA Kinomatics project Legislative review LexisNexis LibGen Mirror Site Lippman (2013) Literature review Lumen Lunney (2014) Major Record Company Sales Data Mininova Ministry of Justice Motion Picture Association Movie2k.to MusicBrainz Music Copyright Infringement Resource Music Publishers Association (2014) Musikindustrie Muso Médiamétrie NIX NPD Group NetView Net Hamishpat Netnod Newspaper Licensing Association Newspaper articles Nielsen Nielsen Clickstream Data Nielsen Media Research Nielsen SoundScan None Not Specified Not stated OECD (GDP) OECD Education at a Glance OECD Reports OFCOM OMeBa Office for National Statistics Online Copyright Infringement Tracker surveys Open Data Institute Open Rights Group Oricon Inc PEW PRS for Music PanelTrack Pew Internet Project Piracy map compiled from IIPA 2001 ‘Special 301’ Report: Malaysia Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit Pollstar PsychInfo Publishers Association Putlocker.is Quantitative-empirical literature based on economic theory RIAA RIAA (2007) RIAJ Recording Industry Association of America Rentrak Reuters Review of Existing Academic and Industries Literature Sag (2015) Sci-Hub Scimago Scimago Journal and Country Rank ScreenDaily.com Software and Information Industry Association Statistisches Bundesamt Stichting de Thuiskopie SurveyMonkey Swedish Film Institute Tax Foundation The Central Intelligence Agency (1995) The International Federation of The Phonographic Industry The International Publishers Association The Los Angeles Times The New York Times The United States Supreme Court Judicial Database The Wall Street Journal The Washington Post Tmdb Torrentfreak Trading Standards TuneCore Twitter Twitter transparency report U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Department of Labor UK Intellectual Property Office UK Interactive Entertainment UK Music UNDP World Income Inequality Database UNESCO UN Commodity Trade Statistics USA Today US Federal Court Decisions US International Trade Commission University of Hertfordshire Various Vcdquality.com Viacom Vimeo transparency report Voldy.cr WIPO WIPO Lex WTO Watchseries.gs Westlaw While Scopus WinMX World Bank World Bank's World Development Indicators World Bank (1996) World Bank Development Indicators World Bank database World Economic Outlook, IMF World Governance Indicator Project World Income Inequality Database World Telecommunication/Information and Communication Technologies Indicators Xenofilkia Magazine Yahoo movies Yano Research Institute YouTube ‘2000 Global Software Piracy Report’, conducted by International Planning and Research Corporation (IPR) for the Business Software Alliance (BSA) and Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA).

Archival Research (5) · Case Study (43) · Document Research (23) · Ethnography (6) · Experimental (Field) (10) · Experimental (Laboratory) (13) · Experimental (Natural) (7) · Focus Groups (8) · Historical Methods (1) · Life History (1) · Longitudinal Study (16) · Participant Observation (5) · Qualitative Collection Methods (151) · Qualitative content/text mining (38) · Quantitative Collection Methods (165) · Quantitative data/text mining (68) · Semi-Structured Interview (36) · Snowball sampling (6) · Structured Interview (11) · Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences) (110) · Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting) (166) · Unstructured Interview (6) · Web analytic (online user trace data) (50)

Abduction/Retroduction (1) · Calibration (1) · Cluster analysis (17) · Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (14) · Correlation and Association (108) · Decision Tree Method (2) · Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation) (153) · Discourse Analysis (15) · Ethnographic/narrative analysis (4) · Factor Analysis (14) · Grounded Theory (9) · Legal Analysis (42) · Meta-Analysis (2) · Multivariate Statistics (62) · Qualitative Analysis Methods (115) · Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) (53) · Quantitative Analysis Methods (180) · Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining) (51) · Regression Analysis (146) · Social Network Analysis (4) · Structural Equation Modeling (48) · Textual Content Analysis (52) · Triangulation (2) · Visual / Other Content Analysis (5)

; Africa Arabic countries Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador England Estonia Europe European Union Finland France Germany Global Greece Guatemala Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Korea Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Netherland New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Scotland Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Netherlands Turkey USA Ukraine United Kingdom United States Unknown Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe

No (361) · Yes (95)

No (388) · Yes (68)

No (409) · Yes (36)

No (405) · Yes (40)

; * Random Sample of Feasibility: 1999 to 2001 * The Posner Memorial Collection 2001 to 2004 * The Million Book Project 2003 to 2005 01/01/2017 - 31/12/2017 1 January 2005 - 31 December 2008 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2017 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2017 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1-29 August 2003 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 10 December 2018 106 days between August 2010 and February 2011. 14 April 2018 15 May 2018 15 November - 4 December 2017 1900 - 2014 1910 to 1960 1919 - 1926 1930 - 1960 1965-1988 1968-1972 1978 to 2005 1978-2000 1984 - 2013 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2006 1988 to 2008 1989 to 2005 1989-2004 1990-1999 1991 to 2007 1991-2000 2006 1991-2012 1992-2014 1993-2004 1994 - 2016 1994,1997,2000 1994-1997 1994-1998 1994-1999 1994-2004 1995-1999 1997 1997-2008 1997-2009 1998 1998 to 2012 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2004 1998-2015 1998-2018 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2001 1999-2006 2 April 1923 - 14 September 2011 2 Months 2000-2015 2001 2001-2006 2001-2011 2002 2002 to 2007 2002 to 2008 2002-2003 2002-2007 2003 2003 - 2004 2003-2004 2003-2009 2003-2012 2003-2013 2004 2004 Fall 2004 to 2009 2004 to 2011 2004-2006 2005 2005 to 2008 2005-2007 2005-2008 2005-2010 2006 2006 fall 2006-2009 2006-2013 2007 2007-2008 2007-2011 2008 2008-2011 2009 2009-2010 2009-2011 2009-2014 2010 2010-2013 2011 2011 - 2015 2011 September and October. 2011 to 2012 2011-2012 2011-2013 2011-2019 2012 2012 to 2013 2012-2013 2012-2016 2013 2013-2018 2014 2014-2015 2015 2015-2016 2015-2019 2016 2016-2017 2017 2017-2018 2018 2019 2020 2020-2021 27 September 2014 – 1 March 2015 3 January 2015 - February 2016 30 October 2017 – 27 November 2017 8 weeks A semester in 2013 April 2006 April 2007 April 2008 April 2010 - September 2011 April 2012 – February 2013 August 2006 to October 2006 August 2014 – February 2015 Between 15 March 2004 and 15 April 2004 Data was collected over two weeks in 2012. December 2003 December 2003-January 2004 December 2007 December 2016 Fall 2004 February 2008 February 2009 February to October 2006 First week of every month from 1985 - 2013 From 1 April 2014 to 30 April 2014 From 2 April 2013 to 29 April 2013 From 2004 to 2022 January - September 2017 January 1992 – June 2012 January 2001 - March 2014 January 2006 through March 2006 January 2009, June 2009, March 2010 and December 2010. January 2010 - July 2016 January 2012 January 2014 - December 2018 January 2015 January to February 2009 and October 2009. July - October 2006 July 2003 to July 2006 July 2006 July 2013-March 2014 July 2016 - January 2018 July 2017 - September 2017 July and November 2003 June 2000 June 2014-March 2015 June to September 2009 March 15-April 15 2004 March 2009 May - October 2013 May - October 2015 May 19 - May 26, 2011 May 2004-June 2004 May 2009 - August 2009 May 2012 – February 2013 Mid-1980s No data Non stated None stated Not Specified Not Stated Not specified Not specified, but all data (policies) were last analysed on May 5, 2021. Not stated Not stated. Not stated. The study focuses, with a few exceptions, on the literature of the last decade. Nov 2003 to May 2004 November 18-December 14, 2003. November 2009 November 2018 – January 2019 November and December 2019 November to December 2006 October 2012 - December 2015 October 2016 - December 2016 October 2017 October 3-8, 2012 Prior to 2005 Prior to 2007 Prior to 202 Sep 2003 to Jan 2004 September 20 - October 2, 2011 September 2010 – September 2012 September 2014 - October 2014 September 2016 - February 2016 September 2016 - November 2017 September to December 2012 September to November 2009 Seven week period in 2007 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 Spring 2017 Spring and summer 2009 Spring semester 2010 Summer 2017 The data cover the period May-October 2012, mainly by combining two waves of data: May-July and August-October 2012. The survey response period ran from January 2015 to August 2015. Follow-up and reminder correspondence was sent electronically to this same law journal sample in March 2015 and August 2015. There is no data. Various late 2003 and early 2004. none

; AHRC Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre (grant: AH/S001298/1) ARC Discovery Projects Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Amedeo Piolatto acknowledges financial support from IVIE, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant ECO2009-12680), the Barcelona GS Research Network and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant 2009 SGR 102). Arts and Humanities Research Council Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Australian Research Council Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society Australian Research Council DECRA Fellowship British Phonographic Industry British Video Association (BVA) Bruce Miller Business Software Alliance CAIW CIPP CREATe CREATe, AHRC Grant Number AH/K000179/1 CREATe, Grant Number AH/K000179/1 Canadian Centinnial Scholarship Fund Centel Foundation/Robert P. Reuss Faculty Research Fund Centennial scholarships Center for Empirical Studies of IP Center for Empirical Studies of Intellectual Property at Chicago-Kent College of Law. Center for the Analysis of Property Rights and Innovation (CAPRI) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Centre for Copyright and New Business Model in the Creative Economy (CREATe) Chicago-Kent Center for Empirical Studies City University of Hong Kong Coke-Cola Center for Marketing Studies at the University of Georgia Creative Content Australia DELTA Delta Digital Citizenship Project at Illinois State University. Digital Media Research Centre at the Queensland University of Technology Directorate General Communication Networks, Content and Technology Dutch Ministries of Education, Culture and Science, Economic Affairs and Justice. Entertainment & Leisure Software Publishers Association European Commission European Parliament FCT – Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology project UID/GES/00407/2013. Federation Against Copyright Theft Fulbright grant program GE Endowed Professor Fund Gallup George F. Baker Foundation German Institute for Economic Research Golden Gate University School of Law Google Google Inc. Government of Canada Groupement Européen des Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs H2020 Research grant #710722 "OPENing UPnew methods, indicators and tools for peer review, dissemination of research results,and impact measurement" HM Government Hadopi Hellen Posner Henry Posner jr. Hong Kong Polytechnic University I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee IPO Industry Canada Information and Operations Management Department, Mays Business School, Texas A & M University Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada Institute for Research in Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. Intellectual Property Office International Postgraduate Research Israeli Internet Association Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (#19KK0064) Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) KPN Keio University (Keio Global Research Institute, Keio Research Institute at SFC, and Keio Gijuku Academic Development Fund) Kenan Faculty Fund MIUR Research Grant on "The Governance of Intellectual Property" Marketing Science Institute (MSI, Grant No. 4-1228) Meta Content Governance Million Book Project Mobile Society Research Institute Motion Picture Association of America NBC Universal NBER Economics of Digitization NSF NSF grants 9979852 and 0331659 NSF of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Youth and Science, Contract, DFNI-К01/0002-21.11.2012 Nanyang Technological University: Research grant RCC1/2003/SHSS-M52109001 National Audiovisual Institute (NINA) National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 71401085) National Research Council (NRC) Committee on the Impact of Copyright Policy on Innovation in the Digital Era National Science Council of Taiwan, R.O.C. National Science Council, Taiwan National Science Foundation National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1324138 and 1322514. National Science Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Youth and Science, Contract No DFNI-К01/0002-21.11.2012 National University of Singapore through the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science None None Stated None stated Not Specified Not Stated Not stated OHIM Ofcom Office of the United States Trade Representative Olin and Bradley Foundations, Merck, Microsoft and Pfizer Organised Crime Task Force Pew Internet and American Life Project Polish National Center for Culture (NCK) Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grant PD/BD/105903/2014) Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation RCUK RCUK via the Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy (CREATe), AHRC Grant Number AH/K000179/1 Research Councils UK Research Innovation Grant Rotary International District 6540 Royal Dutch Book Trade Association Rutherford Discovery Fellowship SABIP SMG KRC Millward Brown SOS Internet SSHRC SURF Cooperative (Grant #e-infra190075) Shenkman Family Endowed Chair fund Sloan Foundation Swansea University Telecommunication Advancement Foundation The Israel Science Foundation The Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 1820/17) The Knowledge Foundation The National Academies of the Sciences The Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science The Office for Harmonization in the Internal market The Patent Office The Pew Charitable Trusts The Sloan Foundation The Swedish Knowledge Foundation The authors acknowledge the George Mason University’s Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property and its Leonardo da Vinci Research The second author has benefited from the visit to the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University, whose generous provision of research opportunity is gratefully acknowledged This research was funded by Grant Number ECO2008-0410/ECON of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER, and by the Centre for Research and Studies in Humanities of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. This research was funded in part by a PSCCUNY grant #67792-00-36 and a Doctoral Student Research Grant from the CUNY Graduate Center. This research was part of the multicountry research project 'Towards a Detente in Media Piracy' undertaken by the Association for Progressive Communications (ACP) and supported bu the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York This work was partially supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262762, and through the research project MASHED, project number 249817 This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23243042, 24730212. Treibick Electronic Commerce Initiative UK Music UNC Arts and Humanities Research Grant United Nations United States Copyright Office University of East Anglia University of Minnesota University of Queensland Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City (Grant number C2017-20-41) WIPO Western New England College School of Law World Intellectual Property Office World Intellectual Property Organization XS4ALL Ziggo the KU Leuven PF program financing the Royal Dutch Book Trade Association the Sloan Foundation ∗Support for this research by NBER’s Economics of Digitization and Copyright Initiative is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (159) · 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? (51) · 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) (11) · 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) (112) · 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media) (379)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) · B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) · C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) · D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) · E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) · F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness) · Other · None

0 - 10 (57) · 10 - 90 (89) · 90 - 200 (57) · 200 - 500 (96) · 500 - 2,000 (74) · 2,000 - 300,000,000 (76)

; Academic article Advertisements Album American College Students Artist Artists Authorities Blog posts Books Business model Business models Case study Cases Chinese University Students City College students Company Competition agencies Concerts Copyright Law Suits Copyright cases filed in US District Courts Copyright enforcement systems Country Court Decisions Court cases Creators DVD Players DVD sales reports Design Professionals Digital Sales in 6 European Music Markets Digitised Book Collections Downloads Economic model Economic models Economic theory-based academic papers related to copyright Enforcement of copyright models Experts Federal Judgement Opinions Film Film and TV Firm Focus Groups Focus of the study is the domestic market for recorded music in the USA. Forum post High school students Hour Household Households IP Professionals IP rights IXP traffic reports Implementation model Individual Individual Copyright Offences Individual Responses Individual Star Individual data Individuals Individuals from BC1C2DE socio-economic groups in England Industry International Recording Industry Internet Sites Internet user Interviews with content creators Law journals Legal Decision Legal regime Librarians / Library Staff Libraries Links Market Mini-case Models of copying Models of protection Motion Picture Markets Movie Theatre ticket sales reports Movie downloads Movie official sales Music albums Music sales data Music services Musician or songwriter Musicians and Songwriters News articles Newspaper Articles Observations Organisations Organizations P2P communication events P2P users P2P users in Finland Pages of Discussion Piracy data Publication Publications Qualitative interviews Recording Artists Research models Respondent Rule-set Ruling School curriculum Socio-economic variables Songs Stakeholders Students Students or employees of three universities in Singapore Studies Survey source TV Episodes Taiwanese Students Takedown Notices Takedown Requests Takedown Rquests Takedown complaints Takedown notices Takedown requests Teenagers Texts Threads Torrent swarms Tweets Two types of costs associated with piracy Types of goods USA Students University students User User comments Users Videos Websites Writers Years Years of iTunes selling digital songs and videos Years of sales data case study copyright enforcement models countries digital music sales reports download requests economic models events firm-events macro country level data movie-by-weekend-by-country revenue observations music sales reports publicly traded firms takedown requests videos years

; 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2015 1 October 2018 – 30 April 2019 1 year 1/03/2013-13/04/2013 1910 to 1960 1919 – 1926 1930 – 1960 1949-2009 1950-2000 1965-1988 1968-1972 1973 to 2003 1976-2010 1978 to 2005 1981 to 2001 1984 to 1999 1984 to 2013 1984-2011 1985 to 2009 1985-2013 1988 to 2005 1988-2009 1989 to 2005 1989-2004 1990-1999 1991 - to 2007 1991-2000 1991-2006 1992-2012 1993-2004 1994 to 2006 1994, 1997,2000 1994-1997 1994-1999 1994-2004 1995-1999 1997 1997-2008 1998 1998 - 2003 1998 to 2013 1998-2002 1998-2003 1998-2004 1999 1999 to 2015 1999-2001 1999-2002 1999-2005 2 Months 2000 2000-2005 2000-2015 2001 2001-2004 2001-2006 2001-2012 2001-2014 2002 2002 to 2008 2002-2003 2002-2005 2002-2007 2003 2003 - 2004 2003 to 2004 2003-2004 2003-2004. 2003-2005 2003-2007 2003-2009 2003-2012 2003-2013 2004 2004 Fall 2004 to 2009 2004 to 2011 2004-2009 2005 2005 to 2008 2005 to 2009 2005-2007 2005-2008 2005-2010 2006 2006-2009 2006-2010 2006-2013 2007 2007 to 2009 2007-2008 2008 2008-2009 2008-2011 2008-2012 2009 2009-2010 2009-2014 2010 2010-2011 2011 2011 September and October. 2011 to 2012 2011-2012 2011-2013 2012 2012 to 2013 2012-2013 2013 2014 2014-2015 2015 2015-2016 2016 2017 2017-2019 2018 31 December 2012 8 weeks April 2006 April 2007 April 2010 - September 2011 August 2014 – February 2015 December 2010 February 2008 February 2009 February to October 2006 Interviews lasted between 10 and 50 minutes and were conducted with 4 female and 7 male content creators of online commics. The Interviews were conducted on a convention of comic creators (Thought Bubble) in 2013. January 2009 January 2010 - July 2016 January 2012 - April 2012 January 2014 - December 2018 January-February 2009 July 2003 to 2006 July 2003 to July 2006 July 2009 and August 2009 July 2016 - January 2018 June 2009 March 2010 May - October 2015 May 19 - May 26 2011 May 2009 - August 2009 Mid-1980s Non stated None None stated Not Stated Not stated Not-stated November 2009 November to December 2006 October 2009 October 2017 Prior to 2005 Prior to 2012 Prior to December 2007 Prior to September 2009 September 20 - October 2, 2011 September 2016 - February 2016 September to November 2009 Six weeks from 29 May to 10 July 2015 Unknown

Advertising (4) · Architectural (5) · Computer consultancy (5) · Computer programming (5) · Creative, arts and entertainment (62) · Cultural education (14) · Film and motion pictures (160) · Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities (9) · PR and communication (2) · Photographic activities (13) · Programming and broadcasting (18) · Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing (86) · Software publishing (148) · Sound recording and music publishing (255) · Specialised design (11) · Television programmes (90) · Translation and interpretation (1) · Video game publishing (5)