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(2008) · Shapiro (1968) · Shapiro and Varian (1999) · Shaver (2010) · Shaw, Li and Olson (2012) · Shaw and Olson (2014) · Sheehan and Tsao (2009) · Shen et al. (2010) · Sherman and Bently (1999) · Shieber & Suber (2016) · Shiller and Waldfogel (2009) · Shiller et al. (2018) · Shin, Gopal, Sanders and Whinston (2004) · Shin (2004) · Shin et al. 2004) · Shkabatur (2012) · Shoemaker and Vos (2009) · Shore et al (2001) · Shu et all (2009) · Shubhnandan and Nishant (2012) · Shy and Thisse (1999) · Sibley (2015) · Sibley (2019) · Siegfried (2004) · Siegfried and Ashley (2006) · Sigauke and Nengomasha (2011) · Silbey, Subotnik and DiCola (2019) · Silbey (2014b) · Silbey (2019b) · Silva and Ramello (2000) · Silverman et al. (2016) · Silverstone and Hirsch (1992) · Simmons (1999) · Simpson, Banerjee, and Simpson (1994) · Simpson, Banerjee and Simpson (1994) · Simpson & Piquero (2002) · Simpson and piquero (2002) · Simpson et al. (1994) · Sims, Cheng and Teegen (1996) · Sims (2011) · Sims et al. (1996) · Sinai and Waldfogel (2004) · Sinclair (1984) · Singh and Kretschmer (2012) · Sinha and Mandel (2008) · Sinha et al. (2010) · Sinnreich (2010) · Sinnreich (2019) · Siponen and Vartiainen (2004) · Siponen and Vartiainen 2004 · Sissons and Spencer (2012) · Sitonio and Nucciarelli (2018) · Sitts (2000) · Sivan et al. (2019) · Siwek, Stephen and Harold Furchgott-Roth (1991) · Siwek (2002) · Siwek (2004) · Siwek (2007) · Siwek (2013) · Skinner (2006) · Skinner and Fream (1997) · Slater et al. (2005) · Smit and Van Der Graaf (2012) · Smith, B and Lee, L (2017) · Smith, Telang, and Zhang (2012) · Smith (1998) · Smith (2001) · Smith (2005) · Smith (2015) · Smith and Telang (2009) · Smith and Telang (2010) · Smith and Telang (2012) · Smith and Telang (2022) · Smith et al. (2000) · Sobel (2003) · Soboleva (2003) · Sohn (2006) · Solomon and Bjork (2012) · Solove (2006) · Solove (2007) · Soloveichik (2013) · Soloveichik (2014) · Sowell (1992) · Spoor, Verkade and Visser (2019) · Spraos (1962) · Sprigman (2017) · Sprigman and Oliar (2008) · Sprigman and Raustiala (2006) · Srinivansan, Anderson and Ponnavolu (2002) · St Clair (2004) · Stanford University Libraries (2007) · Steenhaut and Van Kenhove (2006) · Steidlmeier (1993) · Stewart and Gosain (2006) · Stiglitz (1989) · Stiles (2014) · Stitzlein, Han and Benson (forthcoming) · Stobo, Deazley and Anderson (2013) · Stobo, Patterson, Erickson and Deazley (2018) · Stobo et al. (2017) · Stokey (1989) · Stoycheff (2016) · Strandbourg (2008) · Strategic Content Alliance (2009) · Stratton (2011) · Straubhaar (2007) · Stuntz (2000) · Suber (2003) · Suber (2008) · Suber (2015) · Subotnik (2011) · Subotnik (2016) · Sultan et al. (1990) · Sumartojo (2009) · Summers et al. (1995) · Sun and Zhu (2013) · Sundarajan (2004) · Sundarajan (2016) · Sundararajan (2004) · Svensson (2008) · Svensson and Larsson (2009) · Swan (2010) · Sweeney (2010) · Sweet (2010) · Swerdlow (2008) · Swinyard, Rinne and Kau (1990) · Sykes (1998) · Sykes and Matza (1957) · System and Network Engineering of the University of Amsterdam (2012) · Szymanski and Harbord (2004) · Tade and Akinleye (2012) · Tadelis and Zettelmeyer (2015) · Takeyama (1994) · Takeyama (1997) · Tan (2002) · Tan (2014) · Tan (2015) · Tanaka (2004) · Tanner (2004) · Tanner and Deegan (2002) · Taylor, Demont-Heinrich, Broadfoot, Dodge and Jian (2002) · Taylor, Ishida and Wallace (2009) · Taylor & Towse (1998) · Taylor (2002) · Taylor (2007) · Taylor (2009) · Taylor and Harper (2002) · Taylor and Shim (1993) · Taylor and Todd (1995b) · Taylor and Towse (1998) · Teece (1981) · Teece (1986) · Tehranian (2011) · Telang and Waldfogel (2014) · Tella and Oyeyemi (2017) · Tene and Polonetsky (2013) · Terranova (2002) · Terras (2015) · Terrel and Smith (1985) · Terviö (2009) · Thaler (1985) · The Berkman Center for Internet & Society and GartnerG2 (2003a) · The Berkman Center for Internet & Society and GartnerG2 (2003b) · The Writers’ Union of Canada, Quill and Quire (1998) · The Writers’ Union of Canada (2015) · Thomas, Harden and Newman (2012) · Thomas (1990) · Thomas and Szamosszegi (2011) · Thomes (2011) · Thompsen and Vivien (2000) · Thompson (1991) · Thompson (2005) · Thompson (2013) · Thong and Yap (1998) · Thorpe (2004) · Throsby, Zwar and Longden (2015) · Throsby (1982) · Throsby (1983) · Throsby (1992) · Throsby (1994) · Throsby 1994 · Throsby and Hollister (2003) · Throsby and Miller (1989) · Throsby and Mills (1989) · Throsby and Thompson (1994) · Throsby and Zednik (2010) · Tittle and Botchkovar (2005) · Todorova et al. (2014) · Todorova et al. (2017) · Toller (2011) · Tonglet (2002) · Tor and Oliar (2002) · Townley et al. (2018) · Towse, Handke, and Stepan (2008) · Towse, Handke and Stepan (2008) · Towse (1999) · Towse (2000) · Towse (2001) · Towse (2005) · Towse (2006) · Towse (2010) · Towse (2011) · Towse (2012) · Towse (2013) · Towse (2014) · Towse (2016) · Towse (2017) · Towse (2019) · Towse (2020) · Towse 1996 · Towse and Sun (2016) · Traphagan and Griffith (1998) · Trendacosta (2020) · Trevino (1986) · Troxler and Wolf (2017) · Tsai, Cranor, Egelman and Acquisti (2010) · Tsai (2012) · Tschang (2007) · Tschmuck (2006) · Tsiavos (2009) · Tumasjan and Beutel (2018) · Turner (1996) · Tushnet (2004) · Tushnet (2007) · Tworek and Buschow (2016) · Tyler (2006) · UNESCO (2009) · US Register of Copyrights (2006) · Ulllman (2017) · United States Copyright Office (1992) · United States Copyright Office (2015) · University of California Office of Communication, California Digital Library eScholarship Program, and Greenhouse Associates, Inc. (2007) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2016) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017a) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017b) · Urban and Heins (2007) · Urban and Quilter (2006) · Urban et al. (1998) · Urban et al. (2017) · Vaidhyanathan (2001) · Van Eechoud (2017) · Van Eechoud and Guiabult (2016) · Van Eechoud et al. (2009) · Van Eechoud et al (2009) · Van Eijk, Poort and Rutten (2010) · Van Gompel (2007) · Van Gompel (2013) · Van Hoecke (2015) · Van der Ende et al. (2015) · Van der Ende et al (2014) · Varian (1999) · Varian (2000) · Varian (2004) · Varian (2005) · Velde (2015) · Vetulani-Cęgiel (2015) · Vetulani (2008) · Vickery (2011) · Vickery et al. (2005) · Vigmostad (2005) · Vigon (2015) · Vitell (2003) · Vogel (2001) · Vogel (2007) · Von Hippel (1988) · Von Hippel (2005) · Von Hippel and von Krogh (2003) · Von Krogh et al (2012) · Von Lohmann (2008) · Vuopala (2010) · WIPO (2003) · WIPO (2015) · Wade (1995) · Wagner and Sander (2001) · Wagner and Sanders (2001) · Waldfogel, 2011 · Waldfogel (2010) · Waldfogel (2011) · Waldfogel (2012) · Waldfogel (2014) · Waldfogel (2017a) · Waldfogel (2018) · Wall (2005) · Wallace (1999) · Wallace et al (1993) · Wallis et al. (1999) · Walls (1997) · Walls (2008) · Wallsten (2015) · Walter and Von Lewinski (2010) · Walter and von Lewinski (2010) · Walterscheid (2000) · Wang, Zhang, Zang and Ouyang (2005) · Wang et al. (2005a) · Wang et al. (2016) · Wasike (2014) · Wasko (2001) · Wasko and Faraj (2006) · Wassall and Alper (1984) · Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005) · Waterman (2005) · Waterman et al., 2007 · Waters (2003) · Watson, Zizzo and Fleming (2015) · Watson, Zizzo and Fleming (2017) · Watson et al. (2015) · Watt (2000) · Watt (2004) · Watt (2006) · Watt (2010) · Weatherall, Webster and Bently (2009) · Weatherly (2016) · Weaver (2007) · Wee, Tan and Cheok (1995) · Wee (2011) · Wei (2008) · Weisband and Goodman (1992) · Welter (2012) · Werbin (2012) · Westbrook (2006) · Westkamp (2004) · White (1987) · White (2007) · White and Manton (2011) · Whitman, Townsend, Hendrickson and Rensvold (1998) · Widener (2010) · Wilkinson-Ryan and Baron (2009) · Wilkof (2007) · Williams, Hartman and Cavazotte (2010) · Willinsky (2006) · Willis (2015) · Winer (1986) · Winsbury (2006) · Winter, Stylianou and Giancalone (2004) · Wirth, von Pape and Karnowski (2008) · Wirtzburg (2017) · Wogalter and Silver (1995) · Wogalter et al. (2006) · Woodmansee (1992) · Woodmansee and Jaszi (1994) · World Bank (2008) · World Bank (2015a) · World Bank (2015b) · World Intellectual Property Organization (2015) · Wotherspoon (2003) · Wu (2005) · Wu (2008) · Wu et al (2007) · Wunsch-Vincent and Vickery (2007) · Xalabarder (2007) · Xalabarder (2012) · Xalabarder (2014) · Xu (2007) · Yang and Chyi (2011) · Yang and Lester (2005) · Yar (2008) · Yen (2000) · Yen (2003) · Yeung (2008) · Yin RK (2018) · Yoon (2001) · Yoon (2002) · Yoon (2007) · Yoon (2011) · Young (2014) · Yu (2001) · Yuvaraj and Giblin (2020) · Zabel et al (2017) · Zagorsky (1990) · Zalabarder (2016) · Zamoon and Curley (2007) · Zavetoski (2002) · Zentner, 2006 · Zentner (2003) · Zentner (2004) · Zentner (2005) · Zentner (2006) · Zentner (2007) · Zentner (2009) · Zentner (2010) · Zetner (2006) · Zhang, Smith and McDowell (2009) · Zhang (2012) · Zhang and Zhu (2010) · Zhang et al. (2009) · Zhang et al (2017) · Zhao (2003) · Zhu (2007) · Zimmerman (2007) · Zimmerman (2011) · Zimmermann et al (2020) · Zittrain (2006) · Zittrain (2008) · Zwar (2016) · Åkerlind (2012) · Other · None

A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists (1) · A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines (1) · A1: General Economics (1) · A22: Undergraduate (1) · A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics (1) · A: General Economics and Teaching (1) · B21: Microeconomics (1) · C88: Other Computer Software (1) · D03: Behavioral Microeconomics • Underlying Principles (1) · D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights (1) · D2: Production and Organizations (1) · D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief (1) · D8: Information; Knowledge; and Uncertainty (1) · D: Microeconomics (2) · E03: Behavioral Macroeconomics (1) · E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital (1) · H41: Public Goods (1) · H4: Publicly Provided Goods (1) · H: Public Economics (1) · K11: Property Law (1) · K1: Basic Areas of Law (1) · K2: Regulation and Business Law (1) · K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law (1) · K: Law and Economics (2) · L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets (1) · L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility (1) · L17: Open Source Products and Markets (1) · L21: Business Objectives of the Firm (1) · L2: Firm Objectives; Organization; and Behavior (1) · L82: Entertainment • Media (1) · L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software (2) · L8: Industry Studies: Services (1) · L: Industrial Organization (1) · O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D (1) · O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital (4) · Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature (1) · Other (8)

Primary and Secondary data (4) · Primary data (3) · Secondary data (1)

2007 Economic Census (1) · Business Software Alliance (1) · Literature review (1) · Nielsen’s Bookscan data (1) · The American Association of Publishers (AAP) survey (1) · The Service Annual Survey from the Census Bureau (1) · The periodic Census of Manufactures survey (1)

Case Study (2) · Qualitative Collection Methods (5) · Quantitative Collection Methods (4) · Quantitative data/text mining (1) · Semi-Structured Interview (2) · Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences) (1) · Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting) (3) · Web analytic (online user trace data) (3)

Cluster analysis (1) · Correlation and Association (4) · Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation) (4) · Multivariate Statistics (2) · Qualitative Analysis Methods (3) · Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) (2) · Quantitative Analysis Methods (3) · Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining) (2) · Regression Analysis (4) · Social Network Analysis (1)

European Union (1) · Finland (1) · Global (1) · Switzerland (1) · United Kingdom (2) · United States (5)

No (6) · Yes (2)

No (6) · Yes (2)

No (4) · Yes (3)

No (7)

1 October 1999 - 15 February 2000. (1) · 1929 - 2010 (1) · 1996-2005 (1) · 2014 (1) · 26 January - 26 February 2015 (1) · Not stated (2)

Boston Consulting Group (1) · IPO (1) · The Finnish Academy (1)

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (5) · 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? (3) · 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) (1) · 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) (1) · 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media) (2)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) (4) · B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) (1) · D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) (3) · E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) (1) · F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness) (2)

1 (2) · 2 (1) · 22 (2) · 336 (1) · 1,700 (2) · 1,933 (2)

Company (1) · Creative businesses (1) · Economic model (2) · Individual (1) · Kickstarter projects (2) · Open and closed development models (1) · Wikipedia pages (2)

1986-2005 (1) · 1999-2000 (1) · 2014 (1) · January - April 2014 (2) · Not stated (2)

Computer programming (3) · Creative, arts and entertainment (2) · Cultural education (1) · Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing (2) · Software publishing (4)