Difference between revisions of "Bhattacharjee, Gopal, Lertwachara and Marsden (2006a)"

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* Results call attention to the likely presence of a potentially powerful offsetting type of piracy that is refferred to as pre-purchase sampling piracy, where people download music to sample it before a potential purchase.
 
* Results call attention to the likely presence of a potentially powerful offsetting type of piracy that is refferred to as pre-purchase sampling piracy, where people download music to sample it before a potential purchase.
 
* Evidence that the level of sharing opportunities online for music albums are related to their relative chart positions on the top 100 Billboard charts
 
* Evidence that the level of sharing opportunities online for music albums are related to their relative chart positions on the top 100 Billboard charts
|FundamentalIssue=5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media),
+
|FundamentalIssue=5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media), 1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare,
 
|EvidenceBasedPolicy=D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability), F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness),
 
|EvidenceBasedPolicy=D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability), F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness),
|Discipline=C02: Mathematical Methods, C81: Methodology for Collecting; Estimating; and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access, C88: Other Computer Software, Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
+
|Discipline=C02: Mathematical Methods, C81: Methodology for Collecting; Estimating; and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access, C88: Other Computer Software, O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
 
|Intervention-Response=* Music companies to look further into this sampling as a way to get the public to listen to their music.
 
|Intervention-Response=* Music companies to look further into this sampling as a way to get the public to listen to their music.
  
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|Method of Analysis=Quantitative Analysis Methods, Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation), Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining)
 
|Method of Analysis=Quantitative Analysis Methods, Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation), Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining)
 
|Industry=Sound recording and music publishing;
 
|Industry=Sound recording and music publishing;
 +
|Country=United States;
 
|Cross-country=No
 
|Cross-country=No
 
|Comparative=No
 
|Comparative=No

Latest revision as of 18:47, 11 October 2016

Advertising Architectural Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing Programming and broadcasting Computer programming Computer consultancy Creative, arts and entertainment Cultural education Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities

Film and motion pictures Sound recording and music publishing Photographic activities PR and communication Software publishing Video game publishing Specialised design Television programmes Translation and interpretation

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)

Source Details

Bhattacharjee, Gopal, Lertwachara and Marsden (2006a)
Title: Whatever happened to payola? An empirical analysis of online music sharing
Author(s): Bhattacharjee, S., Gopal, R. D., Lertwachara, K., Marsden, J. R.
Year: 2006
Citation: Bhattacharjee, S., Gopal, R., Lertwachara, K. and Marsden, J. R. 2006a. Whatever Happened to payola? An Empirical Analysis of Online Music Sharing. Decision Support Systems, 42, 104-120.
Link(s): Definitive , Open Access
Key Related Studies:
Discipline:
Linked by: Hunt, Williams, Nicholas and Rowlands (2009)
About the Data
Data Description: The data come from two sources: WinMX P2P network and the top 100 albums on the weekly Billboard chart. The study is longitudinal, spanning a period of 8 weeks. The following sub-sections describe the two data sources and the procedures we used to capture the necessary data. The announcement of each week’s Billboard chart signified a new week of data collection, a week that was ended with the announcement of the subsequent Billboard chart. A total of 196 albums appeared on the list over 8 weeks.

Identify and track data for 47 upcoming album releases providing pre and post release comparisons of sharing activity

On a weekend, multiple observations (using WinMX)(two each day from Friday to Sunday) indicated an average of 457,475 users sharing 303,731,440 files.

Data Type: Secondary data
Secondary Data Sources:
Data Collection Methods:
Data Analysis Methods:
Industry(ies):
Country(ies):
Cross Country Study?: No
Comparative Study?: No
Literature review?: No
Government or policy study?: No
Time Period(s) of Collection:
  • 2002
Funder(s):
  • Treibick Electronic Commerce Initiative
  • GE Endowed Professor Fund
  • Shenkman Family Endowed Chair fund

Abstract

The popularity of online music-sharing networks has attracted interest from the music industry, artists, consumer advocacy groups, the popular press, and government legislative and regulatory entities. P2P networks have become lightning rods for debates on intellectual property rights and music market fates. Yet, to date, little has been based on actual observed activity on online sharing networks. Here we report on an initial P2P network data gathering and analysis endeavor and relate it to market performance of music albums. The relative market performance of music albums is gauged using the list of top 100 albums on the weekly Billboard charts. The P2P sharing data gathered is longitudinal, spanning a period of 8 weeks. We also identify and track data for 47 upcoming album releases providing pre- and post-release comparisons of sharing activity. We offer four main findings: (1) significant piracy opportunity and activity were observed; (2) the level of sharing opportunities are related to albums' relative chart positions; (3) there is evidence of both “pre-purchase sampling” piracy and “lost-sales” piracy; and, (4) sharing activity levels provide leading indicators of direction of movement of albums on the Billboard charts. Points (3) and (4) have particular implications for music marketing and promotion.

Main Results of the Study

4 main conclusions:

  1. significant piracy opportunity and activity were observed;
  2. the level of sharing opportunities are related to albums’ relative chart positions;
  3. there is evidence of both bpre purchase samplingQ piracy and blost salesQ piracy; and,
  4. sharing activity levels provide leading indicators of direction of movement of albums on the Billboard charts.

Other observations include:

  • Results call attention to the likely presence of a potentially powerful offsetting type of piracy that is refferred to as pre-purchase sampling piracy, where people download music to sample it before a potential purchase.
  • Evidence that the level of sharing opportunities online for music albums are related to their relative chart positions on the top 100 Billboard charts

Policy Implications as Stated By Author

  • Music companies to look further into this sampling as a way to get the public to listen to their music.
  • The level of online sharing activity provides a feedback on current interest in an album and any promotional activities undertaken by the music companies.
  • According to the authors initiatives aimed at shutting down the operations of these P2P on-line sharing networks would have a "throwing the baby out with the bathwater" effect.


Coverage of Study

Coverage of Fundamental Issues
Issue Included within Study
Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare
Green-tick.png
Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?
Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors)
Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)
Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)
Green-tick.png
Coverage of Evidence Based Policies
Issue Included within Study
Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)
Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction)
Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing)
Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)
Green-tick.png
Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts)
Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)
Green-tick.png

Datasets

Sample size: 196
Level of aggregation: Music albums
Period of material under study: 2002