Difference between revisions of "Darling (2014)"

From Copyright EVIDENCE
(Created page with "{{MainSource |Source={{Source |Name of Study=Darling (2014) |Author=Darling, K.; |Title=IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry |Year=2014 |Full Cita...")
 
 
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|Name of Study=Darling (2014)
 
|Name of Study=Darling (2014)
 
|Author=Darling, K.;
 
|Author=Darling, K.;
|Title=IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry
+
|Title=What drives IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry
 
|Year=2014
 
|Year=2014
|Full Citation=Darling, K. (2014) IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry. 17 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 655
+
|Full Citation=Darling, K. (2014) What drives IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry. 17 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 655
 
|Abstract=“Existing copyright policy is based largely on the utilitarian theory of incentivizing creative works. This study looks at content production incentives in the online adult entertainment industry. A recent trend of industry-specific studies tries to better understand the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and creation incentives in practice. This study makes a contribution to the literature by analyzing a major entertainment content industry where copyright protection has been considerably weakened in recent years. Because copyright infringement is widespread and prohibitively difficult to prevent, producers have been effectively unable to rely on the economic benefits that copyright is intended to provide. <br>
 
|Abstract=“Existing copyright policy is based largely on the utilitarian theory of incentivizing creative works. This study looks at content production incentives in the online adult entertainment industry. A recent trend of industry-specific studies tries to better understand the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and creation incentives in practice. This study makes a contribution to the literature by analyzing a major entertainment content industry where copyright protection has been considerably weakened in recent years. Because copyright infringement is widespread and prohibitively difficult to prevent, producers have been effectively unable to rely on the economic benefits that copyright is intended to provide. <br>
 
Qualitative interviews with industry specialists and content producers support the hypothesis that copyright enforcement is not cost effective. As a result, many producers have developed alternative strategies to recoup their investment costs. Similar to the findings of other scholarly work on low-IP industries, this research finds a shift toward the production of experience goods. It also finds that some incentives to produce traditional content remain. The sustainability of providing convenience and experience goods while continuing content production relies partially on general, but also on industry-specific factors, such as consumer privacy preferences, consumption habits, low production costs, and high demand. While not all of these attributes translate to other industries, determining such factors and their limits brings us toward a better understanding of innovation mechanisms.”
 
Qualitative interviews with industry specialists and content producers support the hypothesis that copyright enforcement is not cost effective. As a result, many producers have developed alternative strategies to recoup their investment costs. Similar to the findings of other scholarly work on low-IP industries, this research finds a shift toward the production of experience goods. It also finds that some incentives to produce traditional content remain. The sustainability of providing convenience and experience goods while continuing content production relies partially on general, but also on industry-specific factors, such as consumer privacy preferences, consumption habits, low production costs, and high demand. While not all of these attributes translate to other industries, determining such factors and their limits brings us toward a better understanding of innovation mechanisms.”
 +
|Authentic Link=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4rrg
 
|Link=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2198934
 
|Link=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2198934
 
|Reference=Schultz (2006);Fauchart and von Hippel (2008);Oliar and Sprigman (2008);Loshin (2010);Perzanowski (2013)
 
|Reference=Schultz (2006);Fauchart and von Hippel (2008);Oliar and Sprigman (2008);Loshin (2010);Perzanowski (2013)

Latest revision as of 10:47, 9 December 2021

Advertising Architectural Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing Programming and broadcasting Computer programming Computer consultancy Creative, arts and entertainment Cultural education Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities

Film and motion pictures Sound recording and music publishing Photographic activities PR and communication Software publishing Video game publishing Specialised design Television programmes Translation and interpretation

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)

Source Details

Darling (2014)
Title: What drives IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry
Author(s): Darling, K.
Year: 2014
Citation: Darling, K. (2014) What drives IP without IP? A study of the online adult entertainment industry. 17 Stan. Tech. L. Rev. 655
Link(s): Definitive , Open Access
Key Related Studies:
Discipline:
Linked by:
About the Data
Data Description: Data were gathered from a series of interviews. Participants in the first set of interviews included lawyers, journalists, and people who work(ed) with adult entertainment companies. Participants in the second set of interviews were content producers of adult entertainment (totalling 21 participants for the second set).
Data Type: Primary data
Secondary Data Sources:
Data Collection Methods:
Data Analysis Methods:
Industry(ies):
Country(ies):
Cross Country Study?: No
Comparative Study?: No
Literature review?: No
Government or policy study?: No
Time Period(s) of Collection:
  • September 2010 – September 2012
Funder(s):

Abstract

“Existing copyright policy is based largely on the utilitarian theory of incentivizing creative works. This study looks at content production incentives in the online adult entertainment industry. A recent trend of industry-specific studies tries to better understand the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and creation incentives in practice. This study makes a contribution to the literature by analyzing a major entertainment content industry where copyright protection has been considerably weakened in recent years. Because copyright infringement is widespread and prohibitively difficult to prevent, producers have been effectively unable to rely on the economic benefits that copyright is intended to provide.
Qualitative interviews with industry specialists and content producers support the hypothesis that copyright enforcement is not cost effective. As a result, many producers have developed alternative strategies to recoup their investment costs. Similar to the findings of other scholarly work on low-IP industries, this research finds a shift toward the production of experience goods. It also finds that some incentives to produce traditional content remain. The sustainability of providing convenience and experience goods while continuing content production relies partially on general, but also on industry-specific factors, such as consumer privacy preferences, consumption habits, low production costs, and high demand. While not all of these attributes translate to other industries, determining such factors and their limits brings us toward a better understanding of innovation mechanisms.”

Main Results of the Study

• The study suggests that the production of adult entertainment content has decreased as a result of copyright enforcement difficulties against individual pirates (e.g., prohibitive time and money costs, respect of privacy) and the DMCA safe harbour which shields intermediaries from liability. However, participants do not solely place blame on the lack of access to copyright enforcement mechanisms for increased piracy, and instead also cite issues like consumer expectations (e.g., that content should be freely accessible) as forcing an industry restructure.
• In order to compete with easily copied, freely available online content, adult entertainment creators rely on alternative business models from traditional content production. Creators focus on accessibility and affordability of content to reduce consumer search transaction costs (e.g., by utilising video-on-demand technologies) and experience goods (e.g., interactive or live content) to shift away from static, copyable content.

Policy Implications as Stated By Author

The study does not make any explicit policy recommendations.

Coverage of Study

Coverage of Fundamental Issues
Issue Included within Study
Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare
Green-tick.png
Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?
Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors)
Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)
Green-tick.png
Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)
Coverage of Evidence Based Policies
Issue Included within Study
Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)
Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction)
Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing)
Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)
Green-tick.png
Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts)
Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)
Green-tick.png

Datasets

Sample size: 21
Level of aggregation: Creators
Period of material under study: January 2012 - April 2012