Difference between revisions of "Favale (2011)"

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|Source={{Source
 
|Source={{Source
 
|Name of Study=Favale (2011)
 
|Name of Study=Favale (2011)
|Author=Favale, M
+
|Author=Favale, M.
 
|Title=Approximation and DRM: can digital locks respect copyright exceptions?
 
|Title=Approximation and DRM: can digital locks respect copyright exceptions?
 
|Year=2011
 
|Year=2011
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|Abstract=Technological protection measures (TPMs) are the hard core of digital rights management (DRM) systems, which enforce the rights of the copyright owner in the digital environment. Copyright scholars expressed concerns that TPMs do not comply with copyright exceptions and limits (Hugenholtz 2000; Koelman 2000; Dusollier 2003; Westkamp 2004). A few solutions to this problem have been proposed in the field of internet services (Mulligan and Burstein 2002; Erickson 2003; Cohen and Burk 2001; Sobel 2003). However, none of these proposals is tailored to optical disks (CDs and DVDs). Yet, the report ‘Digital Broadband Content: Music’ of the OECD (2005) states that TPMs implemented on optical disks hinder copyright exceptions more often than those applied to internet services. Moreover, in Europe the Copyright Directive exempts TPMs implemented on internet services from compliance with copyright exceptions. This paper therefore outlines possible ways to implement TPMs on optical disks in Europe, in order to achieve their compliance with a list of fundamental copyright exceptions, as identified by previous research (Favale 2008).
 
|Abstract=Technological protection measures (TPMs) are the hard core of digital rights management (DRM) systems, which enforce the rights of the copyright owner in the digital environment. Copyright scholars expressed concerns that TPMs do not comply with copyright exceptions and limits (Hugenholtz 2000; Koelman 2000; Dusollier 2003; Westkamp 2004). A few solutions to this problem have been proposed in the field of internet services (Mulligan and Burstein 2002; Erickson 2003; Cohen and Burk 2001; Sobel 2003). However, none of these proposals is tailored to optical disks (CDs and DVDs). Yet, the report ‘Digital Broadband Content: Music’ of the OECD (2005) states that TPMs implemented on optical disks hinder copyright exceptions more often than those applied to internet services. Moreover, in Europe the Copyright Directive exempts TPMs implemented on internet services from compliance with copyright exceptions. This paper therefore outlines possible ways to implement TPMs on optical disks in Europe, in order to achieve their compliance with a list of fundamental copyright exceptions, as identified by previous research (Favale 2008).
 
|Authentic Link=http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/04/ijlit.ear010.abstract
 
|Authentic Link=http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/04/ijlit.ear010.abstract
|Reference=Hugenholtz (2000); Favale (2008); Westkamp (2004); Mulligan and Burstein (2002); Sobel (2003);
+
|Reference=Hugenholtz (2000);Favale (2008);Westkamp (2004);Mulligan and Burstein (2002);Sobel (2003);
|Plain Text Proposition=* Achieving a compliant DRM system harmonized at international level seems impossible in the light of the current state of the art.
+
|Plain Text Proposition=* Achieving a compliant DRM system harmonized at international level seems impossible in the light of the current state of the art.* Law is complex, articulated and unstable (subject to interpretations). When instructions are dictated by law, therefore, the gap between human-readable and machine-readable languages enlarges significantly. Approximation is therefore crucial to ‘streamline’ legal norms* To date no technical locks on optical disks (or on digital products on different carriers) have been implemented with the declared intent to comply with copyright exceptions.* With little modification, legal and technological instruments are already available to develop TPMs complying with copyright exceptions.
 
+
|FundamentalIssue=1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare
* Law is complex, articulated and unstable (subject to interpretations). When instructions are dictated by law, therefore, the gap between human-readable and machine-readable languages enlarges significantly. Approximation is therefore crucial to ‘streamline’ legal norms
+
|EvidenceBasedPolicy=B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction),F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)
 
 
* To date no technical locks on optical disks (or on digital products on different carriers) have been implemented with the declared intent to comply with copyright exceptions.
 
 
 
* With little modification, legal and technological instruments are already available to develop TPMs complying with copyright exceptions.
 
|FundamentalIssue=1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare,
 
|EvidenceBasedPolicy=B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction), F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness),
 
 
|Discipline=K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law, O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, O38: Government Policy
 
|Discipline=K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law, O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, O38: Government Policy
|Intervention-Response=* The most indisputable copyright exceptions need to be identified, and optical disks have to embed fixed usage rules that allow copyright permitted uses. This paper suggests that achieving interoperability among carriers and fine-tuning copy-controlling TPMs would already get us very far down this road.
+
|Intervention-Response=* The most indisputable copyright exceptions need to be identified, and optical disks have to embed fixed usage rules that allow copyright permitted uses. This paper suggests that achieving interoperability among carriers and fine-tuning copy-controlling TPMs would already get us very far down this road.* Other legal systems like the American, for example, could also develop similar models. To this end, they preliminarily need to identify a number of instances of fair use, possibly with the help of a third party* Approximation should consistently follow a rule in favour of the user. This seems more coherent with the ultimate goal of copyright protection: the circulation of culture and knowledge. *Approximation should be inversely proportional to the technological state of the art: more sophisticated DRM system would require less and less approximation.
 
 
* Other legal systems like the American, for example, could also develop similar models. To this end, they preliminarily need to identify a number of instances of fair use, possibly with the help of a third party
 
 
 
* Approximation should consistently follow a rule in favour of the user. This seems more coherent with the ultimate goal of copyright protection: the circulation of culture and knowledge.  
 
 
 
*Approximation should be inversely proportional to the technological state of the art: more sophisticated DRM system would require less and less approximation.
 
 
|Description of Data=Alongside a literature review of works suggesting implementation of copyright exceptions in DRM, the author proposes a rule-set to be embodied and suggests a model of implementation based on a) a list of Primary Actors; b) a list of ‘Actions’ that each actor might be willing to perform; c) a list of machine-readable ‘Actions’ that have to be embedded in compliant TPMs.
 
|Description of Data=Alongside a literature review of works suggesting implementation of copyright exceptions in DRM, the author proposes a rule-set to be embodied and suggests a model of implementation based on a) a list of Primary Actors; b) a list of ‘Actions’ that each actor might be willing to perform; c) a list of machine-readable ‘Actions’ that have to be embedded in compliant TPMs.
 
|Data Year=Non stated
 
|Data Year=Non stated
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|Method of Collection=Qualitative Collection Methods, Case Study, Document Research
 
|Method of Collection=Qualitative Collection Methods, Case Study, Document Research
 
|Method of Analysis=Qualitative Analysis Methods, Textual Content Analysis
 
|Method of Analysis=Qualitative Analysis Methods, Textual Content Analysis
|Industry=Software publishing (including video games); Sound recording and music publishing; Television programmes; Film and motion pictures; Computer programming; Computer consultancy;
+
|Industry=Software publishing; Sound recording and music publishing; Television programmes; Film and motion pictures; Computer programming; Computer consultancy;
|Country=United Kingdom; European Union; United States;
+
|Country=United Kingdom;United States;European Union
 
|Cross-country=Yes
 
|Cross-country=Yes
 
|Comparative=No
 
|Comparative=No
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|Dataset={{Dataset
 
|Dataset={{Dataset
 
|Sample Size=1
 
|Sample Size=1
|Level of Aggregation=Rule-set,
+
|Level of Aggregation=Rule-set
 
|Data Material Year=Non stated
 
|Data Material Year=Non stated
 
}}{{Dataset
 
}}{{Dataset
 
|Sample Size=1
 
|Sample Size=1
|Level of Aggregation=Implementation model,
+
|Level of Aggregation=Implementation model
 
|Data Material Year=Non stated
 
|Data Material Year=Non stated
 
}}
 
}}
 
}}
 
}}

Latest revision as of 06:53, 3 November 2022

Advertising Architectural Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing Programming and broadcasting Computer programming Computer consultancy Creative, arts and entertainment Cultural education Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities

Film and motion pictures Sound recording and music publishing Photographic activities PR and communication Software publishing Video game publishing Specialised design Television programmes Translation and interpretation

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)

Source Details

Favale (2011)
Title: Approximation and DRM: can digital locks respect copyright exceptions?
Author(s): Favale, M.
Year: 2011
Citation: Favale, M. (2011). Approximation and DRM: can digital locks respect copyright exceptions?. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 19(4), 306-323
Link(s): Definitive
Key Related Studies:
Discipline:
Linked by:
About the Data
Data Description: Alongside a literature review of works suggesting implementation of copyright exceptions in DRM, the author proposes a rule-set to be embodied and suggests a model of implementation based on a) a list of Primary Actors; b) a list of ‘Actions’ that each actor might be willing to perform; c) a list of machine-readable ‘Actions’ that have to be embedded in compliant TPMs.
Data Type: Primary and Secondary data
Secondary Data Sources:
Data Collection Methods:
Data Analysis Methods:
Industry(ies):
Country(ies):
Cross Country Study?: Yes
Comparative Study?: No
Literature review?: Yes
Government or policy study?: No
Time Period(s) of Collection:
  • Non stated
Funder(s):

Abstract

Technological protection measures (TPMs) are the hard core of digital rights management (DRM) systems, which enforce the rights of the copyright owner in the digital environment. Copyright scholars expressed concerns that TPMs do not comply with copyright exceptions and limits (Hugenholtz 2000; Koelman 2000; Dusollier 2003; Westkamp 2004). A few solutions to this problem have been proposed in the field of internet services (Mulligan and Burstein 2002; Erickson 2003; Cohen and Burk 2001; Sobel 2003). However, none of these proposals is tailored to optical disks (CDs and DVDs). Yet, the report ‘Digital Broadband Content: Music’ of the OECD (2005) states that TPMs implemented on optical disks hinder copyright exceptions more often than those applied to internet services. Moreover, in Europe the Copyright Directive exempts TPMs implemented on internet services from compliance with copyright exceptions. This paper therefore outlines possible ways to implement TPMs on optical disks in Europe, in order to achieve their compliance with a list of fundamental copyright exceptions, as identified by previous research (Favale 2008).

Main Results of the Study

  • Achieving a compliant DRM system harmonized at international level seems impossible in the light of the current state of the art.* Law is complex, articulated and unstable (subject to interpretations). When instructions are dictated by law, therefore, the gap between human-readable and machine-readable languages enlarges significantly. Approximation is therefore crucial to ‘streamline’ legal norms* To date no technical locks on optical disks (or on digital products on different carriers) have been implemented with the declared intent to comply with copyright exceptions.* With little modification, legal and technological instruments are already available to develop TPMs complying with copyright exceptions.


Policy Implications as Stated By Author

  • The most indisputable copyright exceptions need to be identified, and optical disks have to embed fixed usage rules that allow copyright permitted uses. This paper suggests that achieving interoperability among carriers and fine-tuning copy-controlling TPMs would already get us very far down this road.* Other legal systems like the American, for example, could also develop similar models. To this end, they preliminarily need to identify a number of instances of fair use, possibly with the help of a third party* Approximation should consistently follow a rule in favour of the user. This seems more coherent with the ultimate goal of copyright protection: the circulation of culture and knowledge. *Approximation should be inversely proportional to the technological state of the art: more sophisticated DRM system would require less and less approximation.


Coverage of Study

Coverage of Fundamental Issues
Issue Included within Study
Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare
Green-tick.png
Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?
Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors)
Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)
Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)
Coverage of Evidence Based Policies
Issue Included within Study
Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)
Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction)
Green-tick.png
Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing)
Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)
Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts)
Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)
Green-tick.png

Datasets

Sample size: 1
Level of aggregation: Rule-set
Period of material under study: Non stated


Sample size: 1
Level of aggregation: Implementation model
Period of material under study: Non stated