Higgins (2007)

From Copyright EVIDENCE

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1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare 2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)

Source Details

Higgins (2007)
Title: Digital piracy: An examination of Low Self-Control and Motivation Using Short-Term Longitudinal Data
Author(s): Higgins, G. E.
Year: 2007
Citation: Higgins, G. E. 2007. Digital piracy: An examination of Low Self-Control and Motivation Using Short-Term Longitudinal Data. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10, 523-529.
Link(s): Definitive
Key Related Studies:
Discipline:
Linked by: Higgins, Wolfe and Ricketts (2009), Hinduja and Higgins (2011), Holt, Bossler and May (2012), Malin and Fowers (2009)
About the Data
Data Description: 292 undergraduate students from courses that resided in the College of Arts and Sciences and the Justice Administration Department at an eastern United States university. The present study used data collected over the course of 4 weeks. The specific dates of data collection are not stated.
Data Type: Primary data
Secondary Data Sources:
Data Collection Methods:
Data Analysis Methods:
Industry(ies):
Country(ies):
Cross Country Study?: No
Comparative Study?: No
Literature review?: No
Government or policy study?: No
Time Period(s) of Collection:
  • Not stated
Funder(s):

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the link between low self-control, motivation, and digital piracy. This study used short-term longitudinal data (i.e., once a week for 4 weeks) from undergraduate students (n = 292) and latent trajectory analysis. The results of this study revealed that the students had significant variability in initial levels and rates of change in digital piracy. The results indicated that whether motivation was treated as a time-invariant or time-varying measure, it along with sex (i.e., being male) had a significant link with the initial levels of digital piracy and that sex and low self-control had links with the rate of change. These results are discussed, and policy implications are made.

Main Results of the Study

  • There are three main areas of study. First, the study examines the latent trajectories of digital piracy. Second, it examines the time-invariant link between low self-control and intentions on the trajectories of digital piracy while controlling for sex and deviant peer association. Third, it examines the time-varying links between low self-control and intentions while controlling for sex.
  • The time-invariant latent trajectory model (LTM) shows that low self-control is not the lone predictor of criminal behavior but that motivation is necessary in understanding crime. Results also show that intention is far superior in the time-in-variant model in predicting trajectories of digital piracy.
  • The readiness to perform a behavior is statistically significant in each instance in predicting digital piracy.
  • Further, the results suggest that intentions (i.e., motivation) provide a stronger impact on the initial level and the rate of change of digital piracy.


Policy Implications as Stated By Author

Short-term penalties, such as encryption of digital media that pushes the boundaries of the task persistence and impulsive nature of individuals with low self-control, might discourage digital piracy.



Coverage of Study

Coverage of Fundamental Issues
Issue Included within Study
Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare
Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)?
Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors)
Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption)
Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media)
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Coverage of Evidence Based Policies
Issue Included within Study
Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right)
Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction)
Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing)
Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability)
Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts)
Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness)
Green-tick.png

Datasets

Sample size: 292
Level of aggregation: University students
Period of material under study: Not stated