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Dryden, J. (1) · Walls, W. D. (1)

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(2008) · Shapiro (1968) · Shapiro and Varian (1999) · Shaver (2010) · Shaw, Li and Olson (2012) · Shaw and Olson (2014) · Sheehan and Tsao (2009) · Shen et al. (2010) · Sherman and Bently (1999) · Shieber & Suber (2016) · Shiller and Waldfogel (2009) · Shiller et al. (2018) · Shin, Gopal, Sanders and Whinston (2004) · Shin (2004) · Shin et al. 2004) · Shkabatur (2012) · Shoemaker and Vos (2009) · Shore et al (2001) · Shu et all (2009) · Shubhnandan and Nishant (2012) · Shy and Thisse (1999) · Sibley (2015) · Sibley (2019) · Siegfried (2004) · Siegfried and Ashley (2006) · Sigauke and Nengomasha (2011) · Silbey, Subotnik and DiCola (2019) · Silbey (2014b) · Silbey (2019b) · Silva and Ramello (2000) · Silverman et al. (2016) · Silverstone and Hirsch (1992) · Simmons (1999) · Simpson, Banerjee, and Simpson (1994) · Simpson, Banerjee and Simpson (1994) · Simpson & Piquero (2002) · Simpson and piquero (2002) · Simpson et al. (1994) · Sims, Cheng and Teegen (1996) · Sims (2011) · Sims et al. (1996) · Sinai and Waldfogel (2004) · Sinclair (1984) · Singh and Kretschmer (2012) · Sinha and Mandel (2008) · Sinha et al. (2010) · Sinnreich (2010) · Sinnreich (2019) · Siponen and Vartiainen (2004) · Siponen and Vartiainen 2004 · Sissons and Spencer (2012) · Sitonio and Nucciarelli (2018) · Sitts (2000) · Sivan et al. (2019) · Siwek, Stephen and Harold Furchgott-Roth (1991) · Siwek (2002) · Siwek (2004) · Siwek (2007) · Siwek (2013) · Skinner (2006) · Skinner and Fream (1997) · Slater et al. (2005) · Smit and Van Der Graaf (2012) · Smith, B and Lee, L (2017) · Smith, Telang, and Zhang (2012) · Smith (1998) · Smith (2001) · Smith (2005) · Smith (2015) · Smith and Telang (2009) · Smith and Telang (2010) · Smith and Telang (2012) · Smith and Telang (2022) · Smith et al. (2000) · Sobel (2003) · Soboleva (2003) · Sohn (2006) · Solomon and Bjork (2012) · Solove (2006) · Solove (2007) · Soloveichik (2013) · Soloveichik (2014) · Sowell (1992) · Spoor, Verkade and Visser (2019) · Spraos (1962) · Sprigman (2017) · Sprigman and Oliar (2008) · Sprigman and Raustiala (2006) · Srinivansan, Anderson and Ponnavolu (2002) · St Clair (2004) · Stanford University Libraries (2007) · Steenhaut and Van Kenhove (2006) · Steidlmeier (1993) · Stewart and Gosain (2006) · Stiglitz (1989) · Stiles (2014) · Stitzlein, Han and Benson (forthcoming) · Stobo, Deazley and Anderson (2013) · Stobo, Patterson, Erickson and Deazley (2018) · Stobo et al. (2017) · Stokey (1989) · Stoycheff (2016) · Strandbourg (2008) · Strategic Content Alliance (2009) · Stratton (2011) · Straubhaar (2007) · Stuntz (2000) · Suber (2003) · Suber (2008) · Suber (2015) · Subotnik (2011) · Subotnik (2016) · Sultan et al. (1990) · Sumartojo (2009) · Summers et al. (1995) · Sun and Zhu (2013) · Sundarajan (2004) · Sundarajan (2016) · Sundararajan (2004) · Svensson (2008) · Svensson and Larsson (2009) · Swan (2010) · Sweeney (2010) · Sweet (2010) · Swerdlow (2008) · Swinyard, Rinne and Kau (1990) · Sykes (1998) · Sykes and Matza (1957) · System and Network Engineering of the University of Amsterdam (2012) · Szymanski and Harbord (2004) · Tade and Akinleye (2012) · Tadelis and Zettelmeyer (2015) · Takeyama (1994) · Takeyama (1997) · Tan (2002) · Tan (2014) · Tan (2015) · Tanaka (2004) · Tanner (2004) · Tanner and Deegan (2002) · Taylor, Demont-Heinrich, Broadfoot, Dodge and Jian (2002) · Taylor, Ishida and Wallace (2009) · Taylor & Towse (1998) · Taylor (2002) · Taylor (2007) · Taylor (2009) · Taylor and Harper (2002) · Taylor and Shim (1993) · Taylor and Todd (1995b) · Taylor and Towse (1998) · Teece (1981) · Teece (1986) · Tehranian (2011) · Telang and Waldfogel (2014) · Tella and Oyeyemi (2017) · Tene and Polonetsky (2013) · Terranova (2002) · Terras (2015) · Terrel and Smith (1985) · Terviö (2009) · Thaler (1985) · The Berkman Center for Internet & Society and GartnerG2 (2003a) · The Berkman Center for Internet & Society and GartnerG2 (2003b) · The Writers’ Union of Canada, Quill and Quire (1998) · The Writers’ Union of Canada (2015) · Thomas, Harden and Newman (2012) · Thomas (1990) · Thomas and Szamosszegi (2011) · Thomes (2011) · Thompsen and Vivien (2000) · Thompson (1991) · Thompson (2005) · Thompson (2013) · Thong and Yap (1998) · Thorpe (2004) · Throsby, Zwar and Longden (2015) · Throsby (1982) · Throsby (1983) · Throsby (1992) · Throsby (1994) · Throsby 1994 · Throsby and Hollister (2003) · Throsby and Miller (1989) · Throsby and Mills (1989) · Throsby and Thompson (1994) · Throsby and Zednik (2010) · Tittle and Botchkovar (2005) · Todorova et al. (2014) · Todorova et al. (2017) · Toller (2011) · Tonglet (2002) · Tor and Oliar (2002) · Townley et al. (2018) · Towse, Handke, and Stepan (2008) · Towse, Handke and Stepan (2008) · Towse (1999) · Towse (2000) · Towse (2001) · Towse (2005) · Towse (2006) · Towse (2010) · Towse (2011) · Towse (2012) · Towse (2013) · Towse (2014) · Towse (2016) · Towse (2017) · Towse (2019) · Towse (2020) · Towse 1996 · Towse and Sun (2016) · Traphagan and Griffith (1998) · Trendacosta (2020) · Trevino (1986) · Troxler and Wolf (2017) · Tsai, Cranor, Egelman and Acquisti (2010) · Tsai (2012) · Tschang (2007) · Tschmuck (2006) · Tsiavos (2009) · Tumasjan and Beutel (2018) · Turner (1996) · Tushnet (2004) · Tushnet (2007) · Tworek and Buschow (2016) · Tyler (2006) · US Register of Copyrights (2006) · Ulllman (2017) · United States Copyright Office (1992) · United States Copyright Office (2015) · University of California Office of Communication, California Digital Library eScholarship Program, and Greenhouse Associates, Inc. (2007) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2016) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017a) · Urban, Karaganis and Schofield (2017b) · Urban and Heins (2007) · Urban and Quilter (2006) · Urban et al. (1998) · Urban et al. (2017) · Vaidhyanathan (2001) · Van Eechoud (2017) · Van Eechoud and Guiabult (2016) · Van Eechoud et al. (2009) · Van Eechoud et al (2009) · Van Eijk, Poort and Rutten (2010) · Van Gompel (2007) · Van Gompel (2013) · Van Hoecke (2015) · Van der Ende et al. (2015) · Van der Ende et al (2014) · Varian (1999) · Varian (2000) · Varian (2004) · Varian (2005) · Velde (2015) · Vetulani-Cęgiel (2015) · Vetulani (2008) · Vickery (2011) · Vickery et al. (2005) · Vigmostad (2005) · Vigon (2015) · Vitell (2003) · Vogel (2001) · Vogel (2007) · Von Hippel (1988) · Von Hippel (2005) · Von Hippel and von Krogh (2003) · Von Krogh et al (2012) · Von Lohmann (2008) · Vuopala (2010) · WIPO (2003) · WIPO (2015) · Wade (1995) · Wagner and Sander (2001) · Wagner and Sanders (2001) · Waldfogel, 2011 · Waldfogel (2010) · Waldfogel (2011) · Waldfogel (2012) · Waldfogel (2014) · Waldfogel (2017a) · Waldfogel (2018) · Wall (2005) · Wallace (1999) · Wallace et al (1993) · Wallis et al. (1999) · Walls (1997) · Walls (2008) · Wallsten (2015) · Walter and Von Lewinski (2010) · Walter and von Lewinski (2010) · Walterscheid (2000) · Wang, Zhang, Zang and Ouyang (2005) · Wang et al. (2005a) · Wang et al. (2016) · Wasike (2014) · Wasko (2001) · Wasko and Faraj (2006) · Wassall and Alper (1984) · Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005) · Waterman (2005) · Waterman et al., 2007 · Waters (2003) · Watson, Zizzo and Fleming (2015) · Watson, Zizzo and Fleming (2017) · Watson et al. (2015) · Watt (2000) · Watt (2004) · Watt (2006) · Watt (2010) · Weatherall, Webster and Bently (2009) · Weatherly (2016) · Weaver (2007) · Wee, Tan and Cheok (1995) · Wee (2011) · Wei (2008) · Weisband and Goodman (1992) · Welter (2012) · Werbin (2012) · Westbrook (2006) · Westkamp (2004) · White (1987) · White (2007) · White and Manton (2011) · Whitman, Townsend, Hendrickson and Rensvold (1998) · Widener (2010) · Wilkinson-Ryan and Baron (2009) · Wilkof (2007) · Williams, Hartman and Cavazotte (2010) · Willinsky (2006) · Willis (2015) · Winer (1986) · Winsbury (2006) · Winter, Stylianou and Giancalone (2004) · Wirth, von Pape and Karnowski (2008) · Wirtzburg (2017) · Wogalter and Silver (1995) · Wogalter et al. (2006) · Woodmansee (1992) · Woodmansee and Jaszi (1994) · World Bank (2008) · World Bank (2015a) · World Bank (2015b) · World Intellectual Property Organization (2015) · Wotherspoon (2003) · Wu (2005) · Wu (2008) · Wu et al (2007) · Wunsch-Vincent and Vickery (2007) · Xalabarder (2007) · Xalabarder (2012) · Xalabarder (2014) · Xu (2007) · Yang and Chyi (2011) · Yang and Lester (2005) · Yar (2008) · Yen (2000) · Yen (2003) · Yeung (2008) · Yin RK (2018) · Yoon (2001) · Yoon (2002) · Yoon (2007) · Yoon (2011) · Young (2014) · Yu (2001) · Yuvaraj and Giblin (2020) · Zagorsky (1990) · Zalabarder (2016) · Zamoon and Curley (2007) · Zavetoski (2002) · Zentner, 2006 · Zentner (2003) · Zentner (2004) · Zentner (2005) · Zentner (2006) · Zentner (2007) · Zentner (2009) · Zentner (2010) · Zetner (2006) · Zhang, Smith and McDowell (2009) · Zhang (2012) · Zhang and Zhu (2010) · Zhang et al. (2009) · Zhang et al (2017) · Zhao (2003) · Zhu (2007) · Zimmerman (2007) · Zimmerman (2011) · Zittrain (2006) · Zittrain (2008) · Zwar (2016) · Åkerlind (2012) · Other · None

A10: General · A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists · A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines · A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values · A14: Sociology of Economics · A1: General Economics · A20: General · A21: Pre-college · A22: Undergraduate · A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics · A30: General · A31: Collected Writings of Individuals · A32: Collective Volumes · A33: Handbooks · A3: Collective Works · A: General Economics and Teaching · And Behavior · And Forecasts · And Growth · And Illegal Behavior · And Informal Economy · And Market Performance · And Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms · And Poverty · Archival Science · B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith) · B21: Microeconomics · B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925 · B41: Economic Methodology · B4: Economic Methodology · Behavioural Economics · C00: General · C01: Econometrics · C02: Mathematical Methods · C0: General · C10: General · C12: Hypothesis Testing: General · C13: Estimation: General · C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General · C20: General · C21: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions · C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation · C30: General · C31: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models · C33: Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models · C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables · C50: General · C51: Model Construction and Estimation · C53: Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods · C54: Quantitative Policy Modeling · C59: Other · C5: Econometric Modeling · C63: Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling · C6: Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling · C80: General · C81: Methodology for Collecting; Estimating; and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access · C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods · C88: Other Computer Software · C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs · C91: Laboratory; Individual Behavior · C92: Laboratory; Group Behavior · C9: Design of Experiments · C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods · Communications · Cultural economics · D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles · D02: Institutions: Design; Formation; and Operations · D03: Behavioral Microeconomics • Underlying Principles · D04: Microeconomic Policy: Formulation • Implementation • Evaluation · D0: General · D10: General · D11: Consumer Economics: Theory · D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis · D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics · D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights · D2: Production and Organizations · D40: General · D42: Monopoly · D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection · D46: Value Theory · D47: Market Design · D4: Market Structure and Pricing · D51: Exchange and Production Economies · D60: General · D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis · D62: Externalities · D6: Welfare Economics · D70: General · D72: Political Processes: Rent-Seeking; Lobbying; Elections; Legislatures; and Voting Behavior · D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making · D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty · D82: Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design · D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief · D86: Economics of Contract: Theory · D8: Information; Knowledge; and Uncertainty · D: Microeconomics · E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts · E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy · E03: Behavioral Macroeconomics · E22: Capital • Investment • Capacity · E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital · E26: Informal Economy • Underground Economy · E2: Consumption · E2: Consumption; Saving; Production; Investment; Labor Markets; and Informal Economy · E3: Prices; Business Fluctuations; and Cycles · E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics · Economic development · Economic history · Economics · Experimental Economics · F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations · F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions · F1: Trade · F23: Multinational Firms • International Business · F2: International Factor Movements and International Business · F60: General · F62: Macroeconomic Impacts · F63: Economic Development · F68: Policy · F6: Economic Impacts of Globalization · Firm Strategy · G18: Government Policy and Regulation · G24: Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies · G38: Government Policy and Regulation · H00: General · H0: General · H10: General · H1: Structure and Scope of Government · H23: Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies · H41: Public Goods · H4: Publicly Provided Goods · H52: Government Expenditures and Education · H72: State and Local Budget and Expenditures · H7: State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations · H: Public Economics · I21: Analysis of Education · I23: Higher Education • Research Institutions · I28: Government Policy · I31: General Welfare; Well-Being · Income · Investment · J11: Demographic Trends · J11: Demographic Trends; Macroeconomic Effects; and Forecasts · J16: Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination · J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply · J30: General · J3: Wages; Compensation; and Labor Costs · J40: General · J: Labor and Demographic Economics · K00: General · K0: General · K10: General · K11: Property Law · K12: Contract Law · K14: Criminal Law · K19: Other · K1: Basic Areas of Law · K20: General · K21: Antitrust Law · K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law · K29: Other · K2: Regulation and Business Law · K30: General · K33: International Law · K39: Other · K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law · K40: General · K41: Litigation Process · K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law · K49: Other · K4: Legal Procedure · K4: Legal Procedure; the Legal System; and Illegal Behavior · K: Law and Economics · L00: General · L0: General · L10: General · L11: Production · L11: Production; Pricing; and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms · L12: Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies · L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets · L14: Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks · L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility · L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices · L17: Open Source Products and Markets · L1: Market Structure · L1: Market Structure; Firm Strategy; and Market Performance · L20: General · L21: Business Objectives of the Firm · L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure · L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing · L29: Other · L2: Firm Objectives · L2: Firm Objectives; Organization; and Behavior · L31: Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs · L33: Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out · L3: Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise · L41: Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices · L42: Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts · L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation · L4: Antitrust Issues and Policies · L51: Economics of Regulation · L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy · L63: Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment · L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing · L78: Government Policy · L80: General · L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce · L82: Entertainment • Media · L83: Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism · L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software · L88: Government Policy · L8: Industry Studies: Services · L: Industrial Organization · Labor Markets · Law and economics · M00: General · M0: General · M1: Business Administration · M2: Business Economics · M31: Marketing · M37: Advertising · M38: Government Policy and Regulation · M3: Marketing and Advertising · M48: Government Policy and Regulation · M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects · M59: Other · M5: Personnel Economics · M: Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting · Macroeconomic Effects · Management · Management studies · N36: Latin America • Caribbean · N3: Labor and Consumers; Demography; Education; Health; Welfare; Income; Wealth; Religion; and Philanthropy · N6: Manufacturing and Construction · N: Economic History · O10: General · O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development · O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology · O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements · O1: Economic Development · O21: Planning Models • Planning Policy · O30: General · O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives · O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D · O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes · O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital · O38: Government Policy · O39: Other · O3: Technological Change • Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights · O47: Measurement of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence · O4: Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity · O50: General · O53: Asia including Middle East · O57: Comparative Studies of Countries · O: Economic Development · O: Economic Development; Technological Change; and Growth · Organisational Theory · Organization · P11: Planning; Coordination; and Reform · P14: Property Rights · P16: Political Economy · P1: Capitalist Systems · P26: Political Economy • Property Rights · P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies · P36: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare; Income; Wealth; and Poverty · P37: Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior · P3: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions · P46: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare · P46: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare; Income; Wealth; and Poverty · P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies · Pricing · Production · Publishing · Saving · Technological Change · The Legal System · Wealth · Y10: Data: Tables and Charts · Y1: Data: Tables and Charts · Y80: Related Disciplines · Z10: General · Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature · Z12: Religion · Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Social and Economic Stratification · Z18: Public Policy · Z19: Other · Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology · Z: Other Special Topics · Other · None

Primary data (1) · Secondary data (1)

Hofstede (1984) (1) · International Intellectual Property Alliance (2004) Special 301 Report on Global Copyright Protection and enforcement (1) · World Bank (1)

Archival Research · Case Study · Document Research · Ethnography · Experimental (Field) · Experimental (Laboratory) · Experimental (Natural) · Focus Groups · Historical Methods · Life History · Longitudinal Study · Participant Observation · Qualitative Collection Methods · Qualitative content/text mining · Quantitative Collection Methods · Quantitative data/text mining · Semi-Structured Interview · Snowball sampling · Structured Interview · Survey Research (qualitative; e.g. consumer preferences) · Survey Research (quantitative; e.g. sales/income reporting) · Unstructured Interview · Web analytic (online user trace data) · Other · None

Legal Analysis (1) · Qualitative Analysis Methods (2) · Qualitative Coding / Sorting (e.g. of interview data) (1) · Quantitative Analysis Methods (2) · Quantitative content analysis (e.g. text or data mining) (1) · Regression Analysis (1) · Textual Content Analysis (1)

Canada (1) · Global (1)

No (1) · Yes (1)

No (2)

No (2)

No (2)

1984 (1) · 2004 (1) · 2005 to 2006 (1)

The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for the doctoral fellowship and the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries for the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship that covered the costs of data collection. (1)

1. Relationship between protection (subject matter/term/scope) and supply/economic development/growth/welfare (1) · 3. Harmony of interest assumption between authors and publishers (creators and producers/investors) (1) · 4. Effects of protection on industry structure (e.g. oligopolies; competition; economics of superstars; business models; technology adoption) (1) · 5. Understanding consumption/use (e.g. determinants of unlawful behaviour; user-generated content; social media) (1)

A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) · B. Exceptions (distinguish innovation and public policy purposes; open-ended/closed list; commercial/non-commercial distinction) · C. Mass digitisation/orphan works (non-use; extended collective licensing) · D. Licensing and Business models (collecting societies; meta data; exchanges/hubs; windowing; crossborder availability) · E. Fair remuneration (levies; copyright contracts) · F. Enforcement (quantifying infringement; criminal sanctions; intermediary liability; graduated response; litigation and court data; commercial/non-commercial distinction; education and awareness) · Other · None

26 (1) · 106 (1) · 154 (1)

Company (1) · Cultural Heritage Institutions (1) · Individual (1)

1984 (1) · 2004 (1) · 2005 to 2006 (1)

Cultural education (1) · Film and motion pictures (1) · Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities (1) · Photographic activities (1)