Difference between revisions of "Heald, Shi, Stoiber and Zheng (2012a)"
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|Abstract=A previous empirical study suggested that as copyrighted songs transitioned into the public domain they were used just as frequently in movie soundtracks as when they were still legally protected. That study, however, did not account for the number people who viewed each movie in the theater. Since the debate over copyright term extension centers on the continuing “availability” of works as they fall into the public domain, a better measure of the availability of songs in movies would account for the relative box office success of the movies in which the songs appear. The present study collects box office data for hundreds of movies from 1968-2008 in which appeared hundreds of songs and concludes that public domain songs were heard by just as many people in movie theaters before and after they fell into the public domain. | |Abstract=A previous empirical study suggested that as copyrighted songs transitioned into the public domain they were used just as frequently in movie soundtracks as when they were still legally protected. That study, however, did not account for the number people who viewed each movie in the theater. Since the debate over copyright term extension centers on the continuing “availability” of works as they fall into the public domain, a better measure of the availability of songs in movies would account for the relative box office success of the movies in which the songs appear. The present study collects box office data for hundreds of movies from 1968-2008 in which appeared hundreds of songs and concludes that public domain songs were heard by just as many people in movie theaters before and after they fell into the public domain. | ||
|Link=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2080184 | |Link=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2080184 | ||
− | |Reference=Landes and Posner (2003); Heald (2008); Heald (2009); | + | |Reference=Landes and Posner (2003);Heald (2008);Heald (2009); |
− | |Plain Text Proposition=This paper examines accounts for the number tickets sold in order to measure popularity, and therefore the number of viewers of each movie while it played in theatres. More specifically, this paper shows that: | + | |Plain Text Proposition=This paper examines accounts for the number tickets sold in order to measure popularity, and therefore the number of viewers of each movie while it played in theatres. More specifically, this paper shows that: * For both copyrighted songs and public domain songs, availability measured by ticket sales of movies using the songs increases by year.* The evidence does not show that availability is significantly influenced by the legal status of a song.* The inclusion of box office data and Billboard data into the analysis of song availability supports the conclusion reached by Heald (2009) that songs remain just as available to the public after they fall into the public domain. |
− | * For both copyrighted songs and public domain songs, availability measured by ticket sales of movies using the songs increases by year. | + | |FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? |
− | * The evidence does not show that availability is significantly influenced by the legal status of a song. | + | |EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) |
− | * The inclusion of box office data and Billboard data into the analysis of song availability supports the conclusion reached by Heald (2009) that songs remain just as available to the public after they fall into the public domain. | ||
− | |FundamentalIssue=2. Relationship between creative process and protection - what motivates creators (e.g. attribution; control; remuneration; time allocation)? | ||
− | |EvidenceBasedPolicy=A. Nature and Scope of exclusive rights (hyperlinking/browsing; reproduction right) | ||
|Discipline=A10: General, D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights, K0: General, K11: Property Law | |Discipline=A10: General, D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights, K0: General, K11: Property Law | ||
− | |Intervention-Response=* Since copyright term extension incurs significant costs on consumers, lobbyists advocating for added protection bear a heavy burden of showing the negative consequences of works falling into the public domain. | + | |Intervention-Response=* Since copyright term extension incurs significant costs on consumers, lobbyists advocating for added protection bear a heavy burden of showing the negative consequences of works falling into the public domain.* Policy-making based on the assumption that availability declines when works fall in to the public domain and no longer have an owner has yet to find an empirical basis. Collectively, the studies should shift the burden of proof to copyright owners. |
− | * Policy-making based on the assumption that availability declines when works fall in to the public domain and no longer have an owner has yet to find an empirical basis. Collectively, the studies should shift the burden of proof to copyright owners. | ||
|Description of Data=This paper utilizes three different datasets of selected songs, which are collected from different time periods. | |Description of Data=This paper utilizes three different datasets of selected songs, which are collected from different time periods. | ||
|Data Year=2012 | |Data Year=2012 | ||
|Data Type=Secondary data | |Data Type=Secondary data | ||
− | |Data Source= | + | |Data Source=IMDb |
|Method of Collection=Web analytic (online user trace data) | |Method of Collection=Web analytic (online user trace data) | ||
|Method of Analysis=Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation), Regression Analysis | |Method of Analysis=Descriptive statistics (counting; means reporting; cross-tabulation), Regression Analysis | ||
Line 34: | Line 30: | ||
|Dataset={{Dataset | |Dataset={{Dataset | ||
|Sample Size=601 | |Sample Size=601 | ||
− | |Level of Aggregation=Song | + | |Level of Aggregation=Song |
|Data Material Year=1968-2007 | |Data Material Year=1968-2007 | ||
}}{{Dataset | }}{{Dataset | ||
|Sample Size=693 | |Sample Size=693 | ||
− | |Level of Aggregation=Song | + | |Level of Aggregation=Song |
|Data Material Year=1923-1932 | |Data Material Year=1923-1932 | ||
}}{{Dataset | }}{{Dataset | ||
|Sample Size=257 | |Sample Size=257 | ||
− | |Level of Aggregation=Song | + | |Level of Aggregation=Song |
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} |
Latest revision as of 13:55, 30 March 2021
Contents
Source Details
Heald, Shi, Stoiber and Zheng (2012) | |
Title: | More Music in Movies: What Box Office Data Reveals About the Availability of Public Domain Songs in Movies from 1968-2008 |
Author(s): | Heald, P. J., Shi, P., Stoiber, J., Zheng, Q. |
Year: | 2012 |
Citation: | Heald, Paul J. and Shi, Peibei and Stoiber, Jeffrey and Zheng, Qingyao, More Music in Movies: What Box Office Data Reveals About the Availability of Public Domain Songs in Movies from 1968-2008 (December 12, 2012). Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 31-54, 2012; Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 11-23. |
Link(s): | Open Access |
Key Related Studies: | |
Discipline: | |
Linked by: |
About the Data | |
Data Description: | This paper utilizes three different datasets of selected songs, which are collected from different time periods. |
Data Type: | Secondary data |
Secondary Data Sources: | |
Data Collection Methods: | |
Data Analysis Methods: | |
Industry(ies): | |
Country(ies): | |
Cross Country Study?: | No |
Comparative Study?: | No |
Literature review?: | No |
Government or policy study?: | No |
Time Period(s) of Collection: |
|
Funder(s): |
|
Abstract
A previous empirical study suggested that as copyrighted songs transitioned into the public domain they were used just as frequently in movie soundtracks as when they were still legally protected. That study, however, did not account for the number people who viewed each movie in the theater. Since the debate over copyright term extension centers on the continuing “availability” of works as they fall into the public domain, a better measure of the availability of songs in movies would account for the relative box office success of the movies in which the songs appear. The present study collects box office data for hundreds of movies from 1968-2008 in which appeared hundreds of songs and concludes that public domain songs were heard by just as many people in movie theaters before and after they fell into the public domain.
Main Results of the Study
This paper examines accounts for the number tickets sold in order to measure popularity, and therefore the number of viewers of each movie while it played in theatres. More specifically, this paper shows that: * For both copyrighted songs and public domain songs, availability measured by ticket sales of movies using the songs increases by year.* The evidence does not show that availability is significantly influenced by the legal status of a song.* The inclusion of box office data and Billboard data into the analysis of song availability supports the conclusion reached by Heald (2009) that songs remain just as available to the public after they fall into the public domain.
Policy Implications as Stated By Author
- Since copyright term extension incurs significant costs on consumers, lobbyists advocating for added protection bear a heavy burden of showing the negative consequences of works falling into the public domain.* Policy-making based on the assumption that availability declines when works fall in to the public domain and no longer have an owner has yet to find an empirical basis. Collectively, the studies should shift the burden of proof to copyright owners.
Coverage of Study
Datasets
Sample size: | 601 |
Level of aggregation: | Song |
Period of material under study: | 1968-2007 |
Sample size: | 693 |
Level of aggregation: | Song |
Period of material under study: | 1923-1932 |
Sample size: | 257 |
Level of aggregation: | Song |
Period of material under study: |